7.3.5 经济企业、利息(Riba)与囤积
7.3.5 Economic Enterprises, Riba (Interest) and Hoarding
利率在许多方面构成了资本主义体系的支柱。它被用作调节经济增长和货币供应的工具,通过为拥有闲余资金的人提供一种“激励”,促使他们储蓄或囤积资金。在伊斯兰教中,利息和囤积都是被禁止的。安拉(SWT)在《古兰经》中说:
Interest rates form the backbone of the Capitalist system in many ways. It is used as a tool to regulate economic growth and monetary supply by acting as an ‘incentive’ for those who have surplus money to save/hoard. In Islam both interest and hoarding are prohibited. Allah (swt) says in the Qur’an:
“那些囤积金银而不将其用于安拉之道的人,你要向他们宣告痛苦的刑罚。”[TMQ 9:34] 祂又说:“安拉允许买卖,禁止利息。”[TMQ 2:275] 因此,资本的拥有者必须将其投入到私人经营或合伙经营之中。
“And those who hoard up gold and silver and do not spend in the way of Allah, announce to them a painful chastisement.” [TMQ 9:34] He also says, “Allah has permitted trade and forbidden interest.” [TMQ 2:275] Owners of capital therefore have to invest it either in the form of private business or partnership.
所有合伙公司都必须满足的最基本条件是:两方或多方之间须有要约与承诺,且一旦成为合伙人,他们在公司经营中便享有平等的发言权。除这些条件外,利润与亏损的分担方式取决于公司的类型和所订立的契约。在 Anan(资本合伙)中,合伙是由两方或多方的财产组成,公司所遭受的任何亏损,都将按照各合伙人投入的资本比例由其共同分担。在 Abdan(劳务合伙)中,合伙建立在合伙人所提供的服务之上,亏损按照合伙人的薪金或工资进行分担。在 Mudharaba(信托合伙)中,合伙由一方出资、另一方出力构成,亏损由资本所有者承担,而提供劳动的一方则损失其工资或薪金。由这些基本规则和结构,还可以组成许多其他形式的公司。在所有情况下,利润都依照双方的相互约定进行分配,而不取决于所投入资本或所提供服务、劳动的多少。