在伊斯兰法庭中，每一宗审判只由一名法官负责。他有权根据《古兰经》和圣训（逊奈）作出判决。其他法官只能在主审法官提出请求时提供建议或协助。

In an Islamic law court only one judge is responsible for any trial. He has the authority to pronounce judgements based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. Other judges may only advise or assist, if requested to do so by the presiding judge.

伊斯兰的刑罚只有在证据确凿、并且满足所有相关条件的情况下才能执行（例如，证明通奸需要四名证人）。只要证据存在任何疑点，整个案件便会被撤销。

Islamic punishments can only be administered when the evidence is proven to be definite and all relevant conditions are met (for example four witnesses to prove adultery). If there is any doubt over the evidence the whole case is thrown out.

伊斯兰教中的法官分为三类：

There are three types of judge in Islam :

1) 普通法官（Qadi ‘Aam）——负责裁决民众之间的纠纷，例如土地争议、车祸、事故等日常问题。

1) Qadi ‘Aam - responsible for settling disputes among the people, e.g. everyday issues over land, car crashes, accidents etc.

2) 卡迪·穆赫坦西卜（Qadi Muhtasib）——负责化解社会成员之间产生的纠纷，以及处理那些损害整个社会的人，例如在街上大声喧哗、在市场上欺诈等行为。

2) Qadi Muhtasib - Responsible for resolving disputes that arise between the Ummah and any people who harm the society at large, e.g. shouting in the streets, cheating in the market etc.

3) 穆扎利姆法官（Qadi Madhaalim）——负责处理民众与国家官员之间的争端。他有权罢免任何统治者或政府官员，包括哈里发。

3) Qadi Madhaalim - who deals with disputes between the people and the State officials. He can dismiss any ruler or government official, including the Khaleefah.

第二任哈里发欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜（穆斯林的埃米尔，公元634至644年在位）是第一个在麦加设立监狱和拘留所的人。

The second Khaleefah ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Amir of the Muslims between 634-644 CE) was the first to set up jails and prisons in Makkah.

在司法制度之下，每个人，无论是穆斯林还是非穆斯林、男性还是女性、被告还是被指控者，都有权委任一名代理人或受托人。

Under the Judicial System, every person, Muslim or non-Muslim, male or female, defendant and accused has the right to appoint a representative or proxy.

在今天的穆斯林国家（例如巴基斯坦），民事法院与刑事法院之分，两者中既适用伊斯兰教法的部分，也适用属于majority kufr（不信）的部分。而伊斯兰国将只以伊斯兰法的渊源为其依据，即《古兰经》和《圣训》（以及由二者衍生的一切），除此之外别无其他。

There is no distinction between civil and criminal courts as we see today in Muslim countries, e.g. Pakistan where both parts of Islam and parts of kufr are applied. The Islamic State will only use the sources of Islamic law, i.e. the Qur’an and the Sunnah (and whatever derives from them), as its reference.

伊斯兰的刑罚应当立即执行，不得延误或犹豫。除非依据法庭的裁决，任何人都不得受到惩罚。此外，任何形式的酷刑都是不被允许的。

Islamic punishments will be executed without delay or hesitation. No-one is to be punished except by a rule of court. In addition, any means of torture is not permissible.

根据伊斯兰制度，受到犯罪侵害的人有权原谅被告，或要求对罪行进行补偿（即 qisas），但哈杜德刑法除外，因为哈杜德是安拉的权利。

Under the Islamic system a person aggrieved of a crime has the right to forgive the accused or demand compensation (i.e. qisas) for a crime - except for hadud laws, which are the right of Allah (swt).

伊斯兰教的断手刑只有在满足七个条件时才会适用。这些条件是：

The Islamic punishment of hand-cutting only applies if seven conditions are fulfilled. These are :

1) 两名证人（其证词之中没有矛盾或错误）。

1) Two witnesses (with no contradiction or error in their testimonies).

2)被盗物品的价值必须超过四分之一第纳尔（即4.25克黄金）的价值。

2) The value of the stolen goods must exceed 1/4 of a dinar in value (4.25g of gold).

3) 不能是食物（如果窃贼是饥饿的）。

3) Cannot be food (if the thief was hungry).

4) 不能是窃贼的家人。

4) Cannot be from the thief’s family.

5) 商品本身必须是合法的（例如不能是酒类）。

5) Goods must be halal in nature (e.g. not alcohol).

6) 必须从安全的地方盗取。

6) Must be stolen from a secure place.

7) 对所盗之物必须毫无疑问（即盗贼对其绝无权利，例如公共国库的钱财）。

7) Must be no doubt on the goods (i.e. the thief definitely has no right over it, e.g. money from the public treasury).

在伊斯兰统治的整整1300年间，因盗窃而被截手的人只有大约200人。

Throughout the entire 1300 years of Islamic rule only around 200 people had their hand cut off for theft.

任何人如果认为统治者对他或她有不义之举,都有权将统治者告上法庭、与其交涉或加以批评。'Umar ibn al-Khattab在位时,就有这样一个例子:一位妇女纠正了他在彩礼数额问题上所犯的错误。

Any person has the right to take the leader to court, speak to him or criticise him if he has done any transgressions towards him or her. This was the case when a woman in the time of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab corrected him over a mistake he made about the value of the dowry.

公民的名誉是穆斯林社群（乌玛）所承担的神圣托付。若有人指控另一位穆斯林犯有不贞之事，却不能提供四名证人来证实其说法，则应受八十鞭的惩罚。

The honour of a citizen is a sacred trust upon the Ummah. The punishment for accusing another Muslim of being unchaste without producing four witnesses to substantiate the claim is 80 lashes.

伊斯兰司法体系中的刑罚分为四类：

There are four categories of punishment in the Islamic Judicial System:

哈杜德（Hadud）——安拉的权利，例如通奸（一百鞭）、叛教（死刑）。

Hadud - The right of Allah (swt), e.g. fornication (100 lashes), apostasy (death).

《Al-Jynayaat》——个人的权利。他/她可以宽恕罪犯，例如谋杀、人身伤害等案件。

Al-Jynayaat - The right of the individual. He/she may forgive the criminal, e.g. murder, bodily harm.

Al-Ta‘azir - 社群的权利 - 那些影响普通大众日常生活的事项，例如乱丢垃圾、在市场上欺诈。

Al-Ta‘azir - The right of the community - those issues that affect the every day life of the general public, e.g. littering, cheating in the market.

Al-Mukhalafat - 国家的权利 - 影响国家运作的事项，例如超速驾驶。

Al-Mukhalafat - The right of the State - issues affecting the running of the State, e.g. breaking the speed limit.