罪犯可能受到的惩罚分为四类。这些是：

There are four categories of punishment that criminals may be subject to. These are :

1. 哈都德（Hadud）：这种刑罚是安拉（SWT）的权利，是对七种不同罪行的惩罚，任何人都无权宽恕。这些罪行是：

1. Hadud : This punishment is the right of Allah (swt), and it is a retribution for seven different crimes, which no-one can forgive. These are:

a) 通奸或奸淫（zina）：通奸（即婚前性行为）的刑罚是鞭打一百下；奸淫（即犯奸者已婚）的刑罚是用石头打死。

a) Fornication or adultery (zina) : The punishment is 100 lashes for fornication (i.e. pre-marital sex) or stoning to death for adultery (where the fornicator/s is/are married).

b) 诬告（qadhf）：指对男子或女子暗示有通奸行为的虚假指控。其刑罚为八十鞭。

b) False Accusation (qadhf) : Where a false charge of adultery is insinuated against a man or woman. The punishment is 80 lashes.

c) 盗窃罪（sariqa）：指盗窃为犯罪行为的情况。其刑罚为断手，但须满足关于犯罪情节的七个条件。

c) Theft (sariqa) : Where theft is the crime. The punishment is cutting off of the hand, provided seven conditions are fulfilled concerning the circumstances of the crime.

d) 饮用致醉物（khamr）：例如饮酒。刑罚为八十鞭。

d) Consumption of Intoxicants (khamr) : Where the crime is for example drinking wine. The punishment is 80 lashes.

e)叛乱（al-baghi）：指个人或团体反抗国家权威的情况，例如出于分裂乌玛的动机。其刑罚为死刑。

e) Rebellion against the State (al-baghi) : Where individuals or groups revolt against the authority of the State, e.g. motivation of division of the Ummah. The punishment is death.

f) 叛教（al-irtidad）：穆斯林改变其信仰，并在受到劝导后拒不悔改。其刑罚为死刑。

f) Apostasy (al-irtidad) : Where a Muslim changes his or her belief, and refuses to return after advice is given. The punishment is death.

g）拦路抢劫（hiraba）：指强盗在公路上袭击过往行人。其刑罚是交叉截去手和脚，即右手与左脚或左手与右脚；若该罪行导致受害者死亡，则处以死刑。

g) Highway Robbery (hiraba) : Where robbers attack passers by on the open highways. The punishment is cutting off the hand and foot on opposite sides, or death if the crime led to the death of the victim.

在这些事项中，如果有人被证实犯下该罪，且满足施行刑罚的所有条件，则对犯罪者不予宽恕或赦免。穆罕默德ﷺ说："以真主发誓，如果穆罕默德的女儿法蒂玛偷窃，我必定砍断她的手。"

In these issues, if someone is proven to be guilty of the crime and all the conditions for the punishment are fulfilled, there is no leniency or pardon for the perpetrator. Muhammad (saw) said, “By Allah, if Fatimah the daughter of Muhammad stole, I would cut her hand.”.

2. al-Jinayat（或 qisas）：这类涉及侵犯个人权利的罪行，受害者有权选择要求惩罚，或者宽恕罪犯并要求血金（diyyah）。主要涉及杀人和身体伤害的问题，无论是非法的还是意外的。例如，如果有人蓄意杀人，受害者的家属可以要求处死凶手，也可以宽恕他并要求血金。血金的数额因罪行的性质而异：

2. Al-Jynayaat (or qisas): This concerns crimes against the rights of an individual where the victim has the option to demand punishment or forgive the criminal and demand blood money (diyyah). It concerns mainly the issues of killing and bodily harm, whether unlawful or accidental. For example, if someone deliberately committed murder, the family of the victim could demand that the perpetrator be killed, or they could forgive them and demand blood money. The value of blood money varies depending on the nature of the crime:

a) 故意杀人者的血钱为一百头骆驼，其中四十头须为怀孕的母驼，或与其等值的金钱。

a) Blood money from the one who kills with intention is 100 camels, 40 of which must be pregnant, or the equivalent monetary value.

b) 过失杀人（即误杀）的血钱，相当于一百头骆驼。

b) Blood money from the one who kills unintentionally i.e. manslaughter, is the equivalent of 100 camels.

据纳萨伊和达里米转述，艾布·伯克尔报告说：安拉的使者ﷺ写信给也门的居民，信中写道："凡不义地杀害信士者，须因其所为而受报复，除非被杀者的亲属同意其他办法。"信中又写道："杀女人者，须被杀以偿。"信中又写道："杀人偿命，血金为一百头骆驼……"。

It is narrated by al-Nissai and Darimi that Abu Bakr reported that the Messenger of Allah (saw) wrote to the inhabitants of Yemen and there was in his letter : “Whosoever kills a believer unjustly will suffer retaliation for what his hand has done unless the relatives of the murdered man consent otherwise. And therein it was : A man shall be killed for the murder of a woman. And therein it was : For the murder of a life, there is bloodwit of 100 camels...”.

另一段由伊玛目奈萨伊叙述的圣训提到，身体的每个部位都有血金（赔偿金），例如眼睛的血金相当于五十头骆驼。

Another hadith narrated by Imam Nissai mentions that every part of the body has blood money, for example, the blood money for the eyes is equivalent of 50 camels.

3. 塔欣济尔（Al-Ta‘azir）：这被视为社群的权利。它涵盖那些不属于格隋索（qisas）或哈杜德（hadud），但却关系到社群权利的事项，例如在街上大声喧哗、在市场上欺诈等。主审法官将研究罪行的严重程度和性质，并根据自己的伊扎提哈德（ijtihad，即对伊斯兰经文的研究）规定与之相称的惩罚。惩罚的范围可以从训诫直至死刑不等。一个著名的例子发生在欧麦尔·本·哈塔卜（ra）的时代：他惩罚了一位作伪证的学者，下令剃光其头发，把其脸涂黑，并让其半裸着身体，背对着驴子坐着，在众人面前游街示众。

3. Al-Ta‘azir : This is considered the right of the community. It covers those issues which are not part of the qisas or hadud, but which affect the right of the community such as shouting in the streets, cheating in the market place etc. The judge presiding over the case will study the severity and nature of the crime and prescribe a punishment to match it from his own ijtihad (i.e. study of the Islamic texts).The punishments may range from anywhere between a warning to death. One famous example happened in the time of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (ra), where he punished a scholar who gave false testimony. He ordered that the scholar should have his head shaved, his face painted black, and be paraded semi-clothed in front of the people while sitting backwards on a donkey.

4. al-Mukhalafat（违警行为）：此类涉及国家权利的领域。当个人或团体违反国家所颁布的法律时即构成此罪，例如超速驾驶或在禁止停车的区域停车。其刑罚由法官依据自身的ijtihad（独立判断）或国家的采纳来裁定。

4. Al-Mukhalafat : This covers the areas of the rights of the State. Here the crime is committed when a person or group contravenes a law which the State has enacted, such as breaking the speed limit or parking in no-parking areas. The punishment is at the discretion of the judge, based on his own ijtihad or the adoption of the State.