第37条
Article 37
哈里发的采纳受伊斯兰教法规则的约束。他不得采纳任何不是依据沙里亚证据通过合法推论而得出的规则;他也受其所采纳的规则以及他就推导方法所作承诺的约束。因此,他不得采纳依据与他所采纳的方法相矛盾的方法所推导出的规则,也不得颁布与他已经采纳的规则相矛盾的命令。
The Khalifah’s adoption is restricted by the Shari’ah rules; he is prohibited to adopt any rule which is not derived according to a legitimate deduction from the Shari’ah evidences, and he is restricted with what he adopted of the rules, and by what he bound himself to with respect to the method of derivation. So he is not permitted to adopt a rule which has been derived according to a methodology which contradicts the methodology he adopted, and he cannot give an order which contradicts the rules that he had adopted.
本文有两个问题。第一,哈里发在采纳律例方面受到限制,只能从沙里亚中采纳律例。换言之,他在立法和制定法律上受伊斯兰沙里亚的约束。因此,他不得采纳与之相悖的任何内容,因为那将是库夫尔(不信)的律例;如果他采纳了伊斯兰律例之外的律例,并且他知道所采纳的并非伊斯兰沙里亚,那么真主(SWT)的话语便是:
There are two issues in this article: the first being that the Khalifah is restricted in the adoption of rules to adopting from the Shari’ah rules; in other words, he is restricted by the Islamic Shari’ah in legislation and enacting laws. Therefore, it is not permitted for him to adopt anything which contradicts that since they would be the rules of Kufr (disbelief); if he adopted rules from other than the Islamic rules, and he knew that what he had adopted was something other than the Islamic Shari’ah, then the words of Allah (swt).
“而不按照真主所降示的来判决的人,他们就是不信道者。”(TMQ 5:44)适用于他。因此,如果他相信自己所采纳的那条规则,那么他就犯了不信之罪,并背离了伊斯兰教。如果他不相信它,而是基于它不与伊斯兰相抵触的理由而采纳它,正如奥斯曼哈里发们在其末期所做的那样,那么对他而言这是被禁止的,但他不会犯不信之罪。如果他有某种类似证据的依据,比如有人在没有证据的情况下,因他所认为存在的某种利益而制定一条规则,并依赖“公益原则”(al-Masalih al-Mursalah)、“堵塞法源”(sadd adh-dhara'i')或“行为的途径”(al-wasa'il)等类似规则,那么,如果他认为这些规则是沙里亚的规则和证据,这对他而言就不是被禁止的,他也不会犯不信之罪。然而,他是错误的,而他所推导出的内容被所有穆斯林视为沙里亚规则,并且如果哈里发采纳了它,服从它就是义务的,因为它是沙里亚规则,即便他在证据上有误,它也仍具有类似证据的外观,因为他就如同在从证据进行推导时出错的人一样。无论如何,哈里发有义务将其采纳限定于伊斯兰沙里亚之内,并且限定自己只采纳通过对沙里亚证据进行正确推导所得出的沙里亚规则。其证据如下: