每个属于乌玛的个人都有权利使用公共财产中的任何东西，而国家不得允许任何人individually拥有或独占使用它。 Correction for accuracy: 每个属于乌玛的个人都有权利使用公共财产中的任何东西，国家不得允许某人个人占有或独占使用这些财产。

Every individual from the Ummah has the right to utilise anything from public property, and it is not allowed for the State to permit someone to individually possess or utilise it.

在本文中，"乌玛"（Ummah）指的是伊斯兰之家（Dar Al-Islam）中的公民，换言之，即所有持有国家公民身份的人，无论他们是穆斯林还是臣民（非穆斯林）。国家始终有义务照顾他们所有人，包括满足他们的基本需求。这符合他们所遵循的沙里亚规则。其中包括：臣民中的每个人都有权利使用公共财产中的任何东西，而齐米（非穆斯林）与穆斯林享有同等的权利使用公共设施。

Ummah in this article is the citizens in Dar Al-Islam, or in other words, all those who carry the citizenship of the State, irrespective of whether they were Muslim or Dhimmi (non- Muslims), and the State is compelled to take care of them all the time, which includes providing the basic needs for them. This is in accordance with the Shari’ah rules they are subject to. Amongst them is that every individual from the subjects has the right to utilise anything from the public property, and the Dhimmi and Muslim have the same rights to utilise the public facilities.

不能说这段传述是可靠的。

It cannot be said that the narration:

.» الْمُسْلِمُونَ شُرَكَاءُ فِي ثَلاَثٍ « .

.» الْمُسْلِمُونَ شُرَكَاءُ فِي ثَلاَثٍ « .

"Muslims have common share in three"这句话的意思是，公共财产只属于穆斯林，而非其他人。这一叙述，以及与之类似的叙述，也是如此。

“Muslims have common share in three” means that the public property is for the Muslims alone, rather this narration and similarly the narration:

. »... النَّاسُ شُرَكَاءُ « .

. »... النَّاسُ شُرَكَاءُ « .

“人们有共同的份额（合伙人）”，这一点由穆斯林圣训集中通过布赖达（Buraydah）传述的一段圣训所明确，其中提到：

“People have common share (partners)” are specified by the narration of Muslim through Buraydah which mentions:

. ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَن هَُّمْ إِنْ فَ عَلُوا « » ذَلِكَ فَ لَهُمْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ .

. ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَن هَُّمْ إِنْ فَ عَلُوا « » ذَلِكَ فَ لَهُمْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ .

“然后召请他们离开其领土，迁往穆哈吉尔们的居所（Al-Muhajireen），并告诉他们，如果这样做，他们将与穆哈吉尔们享有同等的权利和义务。”而穆哈吉尔们的居所即是伊斯兰之家（Dar Al-Islam），因此这段文字将公民权利限定于迁往伊斯兰之家的人，或者说，他们持有伊斯兰之家的公民身份。因此，这并不涵盖世界上所有的穆斯林，而只涵盖伊斯兰之家中的穆斯林。同样，生活在伊斯兰之家并持有其公民身份的非穆斯林也不在豁免之列，因为布赖达的传述使享有公民权利以迁往伊斯兰之家为条件。据此，伊斯兰之家中的穆斯林，以及生活在伊斯兰之家并持有其公民身份的齐米人（Dhimmi），都适用本条款的规定。

“Then summon them to leave their territory and transfer to the abode of the Emigrants ( Al-Muhajireen) and tell them that if they do so, they will have the same rights and responsibilities as the Emigrants (Al-Muhajireen).” and the Dar Al-Muhajireen is the Dar Al-Islam, and so this text limits the rights of citizenship to those who migrate to the Dar Al-Islam, or in other words, they carry the citizenship of Dar Al-Islam.Therefore, this does not encompass all the Muslims in the world but rather only those in Dar Al-Islam, and in the same way, non-Muslims who live in Dar Al-Islam and carry citizenship are not exempted, because the narration of Buraydah makes enjoyment of the right of citizenship conditional to migration to Dar Al-Islam. Accordingly, the Muslim in Dar Al-Islam, and the Dhimmi who lives in Dar Al-Islam and carries its citizenship fall under the application of this article.

这是为伊斯兰之家（Dar Al-Islam）的公民而设；他们可以利用公共财产，无论其是穆斯林还是迪米（Dhimmis），都不应被阻止。

This is for the citizens in Dar Al-Islam; they can utilise from the public property, and none of them should be prevented from doing so irrespective of whether they were Muslims or Dhimmis.

关于穆斯林臣民使用公共财产的问题是清楚的。

The issue of the Muslim subjects utilising the public property is clear.

至于齐米人（Dhimmi），从先知（愿主赐福并使其平安）和贤明哈里发时期有若干经文与事例都表明了这一点。——他们过去在市场中行走、买卖，而市场是公共场所。艾哈迈德从凯布·本·马立克处传述道：

As for the Dhimmi, there are several texts and incidents from the time of the Messenger (pbuh) and the righteous Khulafaa’ which all indicate this. - They used to walk in the markets, buying and selling, and the markets are public property. Ahmad reported from Ka’b Bin Malik:

. فَ بَ يْ نَا أَنَا أَطُوفُ السُّوقَ إِذَا رَجُلٌ نَصْرَانِ ي جَاءَ بِطَعَامٍ يَبِيعُهُ يَ قُولُ: مَنْ يَدُلُّ ...« »...؟ عَلَى كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ .

. فَ بَ يْ نَا أَنَا أَطُوفُ السُّوقَ إِذَا رَجُلٌ نَصْرَانِ ي جَاءَ بِطَعَامٍ يَبِيعُهُ يَ قُولُ: مَنْ يَدُلُّ ...« »...؟ عَلَى كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ .

“当我在市场中漫步时，一个基督教徒带着一些食物来卖，他说：谁能为我指路找到Ka’b Bin Malik？”这表明穆斯林与齐米人（dhimmis）以同样的方式前往市场满足各自的需要。他们同样利用水源、火源和牧场。伊本·马哲（Ibn Maja）从艾布·胡莱赖（Abu Hurayrah）处记录道：先知ﷺ说：

- “While I was roaming through the market, a Christian came with some food to sell, saying: who will direct me to Ka’b Bin Malik?” and this indicates that the Muslims and Dhimmis used to visit the markets for their needs in the same manner. - They used to utilise the water, fire and pastures. Ibn Maja reported from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said:

. » ثَلاثٌ لا يُمْنَ عْنَ: الْمَاءُ وَالْكَلُِ وَالنَّارُ « .

. » ثَلاثٌ لا يُمْنَ عْنَ: الْمَاءُ وَالْكَلُِ وَالنَّارُ « .

“三样东西不可禁止（任何人使用）：水、火和牧场”。众圣门弟子一致认为，叙利亚的基督徒可以与穆斯林一同饮用河水；同样，在伊拉克和巴林仍保持拜火教信仰的人，以及埃及的科普特人，也都可以饮用并灌溉尼罗河的水。他们都可以从森林中砍柴，从公共河流中引水灌溉庄稼，并在公共牧场放牧牲畜。如今，他们可以使用汽油及其衍生品和电力，因为它们都属于圣训中所提到的“火”。——他们有权开垦荒地，依据艾哈迈德和提尔米兹所记载的一段传述，其传述链是可靠的，传自哲比尔，他说：安拉的使者ﷺ说：

- “Three can not be denied (to anyone): water, fire and pastures”. The companions agreed that the Christians of Al- Sham could drink from the rivers with the Muslims, and similarly the same applied to those who remained Magians in Iraq and Bahrain, and similarly the Coptics in Egypt used to drink and irrigate from the Nile. They would all cut wood from the forests, irrigate their crops from the public rivers and shepherd their flocks in the public pastures. Today they would utilise petrol and its derivatives and electricity, since they are both from the: “fire” mentioned in the narration. - They have the right to revive dead land, due to what is reported by Ahmad and Al-Tirmidhi with an authentic chain from Jabir who said that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:

« مَنْ أَحْيَا أَرْضًا مَيِّتَةً فَهِيَ لَه » ——“谁开垦了一片死地，它就归他所有。”以及布哈里从阿伊莎（愿真主喜悦她）处转述的：先知ﷺ说：

» مَنْ أَحْيَا أَرْضًا مَيِّتَةً فَهِيَ لَه « - “whoever revives a dead land, it belongs to him” and what was reported by Al-Bukhari from Aisha(ra) that the Prophet said:

.» مَنْ أَعْمَرَ أَرْضًا لَيْسَتْ لأَحَدٍ فَ هُوَ أَحَقُّ «.

.» مَنْ أَعْمَرَ أَرْضًا لَيْسَتْ لأَحَدٍ فَ هُوَ أَحَقُّ «.

“谁耕种无主之地，他就更有权拥有它。”以及阿布·达乌德·至·塔亚利西（Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi）引述阿伊莎（愿真主喜悦她）的传述，她说：真主的使者ﷺ说：

- “He who cultivates land that does not belong to anybody is more rightful (to own it).”. And what is reported by Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi from Aisha(ra) who said that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:

. العِبَادُ عِبَادُ اللهِ، وَالْبِلادُ بِلادُ اللهِ، فَمَنْ أَحْيَا مِنْ مَوَاتِ الأَرْضِ شَيْئاً فَ هُوَ لَهُ، « » وَلَيْسَ لِعِرْقٍ ظَالِمٍ حَ ق .

. العِبَادُ عِبَادُ اللهِ، وَالْبِلادُ بِلادُ اللهِ، فَمَنْ أَحْيَا مِنْ مَوَاتِ الأَرْضِ شَيْئاً فَ هُوَ لَهُ، « » وَلَيْسَ لِعِرْقٍ ظَالِمٍ حَ ق .

“奴隶是安拉（SWT）的奴隶，土地是安拉（SWT）的土地，谁使死地复活，那片土地就归他所有，而不义者没有占有的权利。”

“The slave is the slave of Allah (swt), and the land is the land of Allah (swt), and whoever revives any part of dead land, it belongs to him, and the oppressor has no right of possession”.

这些证据都是一般性的，涵盖所有公民，无论他们是否是穆斯林。

All of these evidences are general and encompass all citizens, irrespective of whether they were Muslims or not.

- 此外，所有公民，无论穆斯林还是齐米人（Dhimmi），都可以使用陆路、海路和空中的交通工具。至于陆路，齐米人在安拉的使者ﷺ时代就已经使用。提尔米兹（Al-Tirmidhi）转述阿伊莎（ra）所言：

- Also, all of citizens whether Muslim or Dhimmi can use the methods of transportation from land, sea and air. As for the land, the Dhimmis used to use it at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) . Al-Tirmidhi reported from Aisha(ra) who said: .

. ثَ وْبَانِ قِطْرِيَّانِ غَلِيظَانِ، فَكَانَ إِذَا قَ عَدَ فَ عَرِقَ ثَ قُلاَ كانَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ « عَلَيْهِ، فَ قَدِمَ بَ ز مِنْ الشَّامِ لِفُلاَنٍ الْيَ هُودِيِّ، فَ قُلْتُ: لَوْ بَ عَثْتَ إِلَيْهِ فَاشْتَ رَيْتَ مِنْهُ ث وَْبَ ينِ » ... إِلَى ا لْمَيْسَرَةِ .

. ثَ وْبَانِ قِطْرِيَّانِ غَلِيظَانِ، فَكَانَ إِذَا قَ عَدَ فَ عَرِقَ ثَ قُلاَ كانَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ « عَلَيْهِ، فَ قَدِمَ بَ ز مِنْ الشَّامِ لِفُلاَنٍ الْيَ هُودِيِّ، فَ قُلْتُ: لَوْ بَ عَثْتَ إِلَيْهِ فَاشْتَ رَيْتَ مِنْهُ ث وَْبَ ينِ » ... إِلَى ا لْمَيْسَرَةِ .

“真主的使者ﷺ身上穿着两件厚重的古提尔布料衣服。他坐下时会出汗，因为这些衣服对他来说太厚重了。一批来自沙姆的衣服送到了某人那里，那是一个犹太人。我说：‘你不妨派人去向他求购一些衣服（赊购），等到方便时再付钱。’至于海路，在圣门弟子时代，穆斯林也是以同样的方式使用它，而今天这相当于航空的使用。”

– “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) (saw) was wearing two thick Qitri garments on. When he would sit, he would sweat since they were so heavy for him. Some clothes arrived from Ash-Sham for so-and-so, the Jew. I said: 'Perhaps you could dispatch a request to him to buy some garments (on credit) from him until it is easy (to pay).” As for the sea, they used to use it in the same manner as the Muslims at the time of the companions, and today that is analogous to the use of the airways.

他们也可以使用一般的道路和公共通讯设施，因为它们类似于公共交通。

- They can also use the general paths and the public communications as they are analogous to the public transportation.

这就是文章第一部分的依据：所有个人都有权利使用公共财产。

This is the evidence for the first part of the article that all of the individual subjects have the right to utilise the public property.

至于第二部分，即国家不允许允许某人个人占有或利用它——其证据是阿卜耶德·本·哈马勒的传述：先知把一块盐碱地赐给他，后来有人告知先知，他所赐予的其实是如同不竭之水的东西，于是先知把它从他那里收回。提尔米兹从阿卜耶德·本·哈马勒传述说：“他来到先知那里，请求先知把一块盐碱地封赐给他，先知便给了他。他离开后，先知身边的一个人说：‘你知道你赐给他的是什么吗？你赐给他的是不竭之水。’于是先知把它从他那里收回。”另一个证据是提尔米兹从阿伊莎（愿真主喜悦她）传述的圣训，他说这是“哈桑·沙希赫”（优良且可靠）的圣训；还有伊本·胡宰麦在其《沙希赫》中传述，先知ﷺ说：

As for the second part, which is that it is not allowed for the State to permit someone to individually possess or utilise it – its evidence is the narration of Abyad Bin Hammal when the Prophet granted him some land which was salt laden, and when he was informed that what he had given him was similar to nondepleted water he took it back from him. Al-Tirmidhi reported from Abyad Bin Hammal that: “He came to the Prophet and asked him to assign him a salt laden land as a fief, and he granted it to him. And when he left, one person with the Prophet said: “Do you know what you have granted him? You granted him the non-depleted water”. He then took it away from him”. The other evidence is that which Al-Tirmidhi reported from Aisha(ra) and he said it is Hasan Sahih, and Ibn Khuzaymah reported in his Sahih, that the Messenger (pbuh) said:

. » مِنًى مُنَاخُ مَنْ سَبَقَ « .

. » مِنًى مُنَاخُ مَنْ سَبَقَ « .

“米纳是先到达者的歇脚之处”，以及艾绥卜·本·哲萨马（Al-Sa’ab b. Jathamah）所传、由布哈里（Al-Bukhari）辑录的圣训。

“Mina is a resting place for whoever arrives there first”, and also the narration of Al-Sa’ab b. Jathamah with Al-Bukhari:

.» لا حِمَى إِلاَّ للهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ « .

.» لا حِمَى إِلاَّ للهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ « .

“除真主（SWT）及其使者ﷺ外，不得设立任何“禁牧区”（Hima）。”

“There is no Hima (for grazing the animals of Zakah) except for Allah (swt) and His Messenger (pbuh)”.

显然，大多数资本主义垄断企业、富裕公司以及拥有虚幻财富的个人之所以能够积累财富，是因为他们获得了特权，得以开发各类公共财产，例如天然气、汽油及其他矿产资源，以及通信、运输、水利等其他事业。

It is clear that most of the capitalist monopolies and rich companies and individuals who have imaginary wealth, have managed to do so because of the special privileges they get to exploit the different types of public property, such as gas, petrol and the other mineral resources, and the communications, transport, water and other things.