第一百五十三条

国家保证为所有拥有其公民身份的人创造工作机会。

The State guarantees to create work for all of those who carry its citizenship.

这篇文章的依据在于它属于先知ﷺ之言的普遍含义之中。

The evidences for this article is that it is part of the generality of the words of the Prophet :

. » الإِمَامُ رَاعٍ وَهُوَ وَمَسْؤُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ «.

“伊玛目是监护人，他要对其臣民负责”（布哈里从阿卜杜拉·本·欧麦尔处转述），管理事务中最重要的问题之一，是为有能力却找不到工作的人创造就业机会。贫困者若没有能够供养他的亲属，其生活保障由国家负责，这一点的依据是他的话：

“The Imam is a guardian and he is responsible for his subjects” (reported by Al-Bukhari from ‘Abd Allah (swt) b. Umar), and from the most important issues of managing the affairs is creating work for those who are capable but do not find any. The fact that maintenance of the poor person who has no relative capable of maintaining them is upon the State is due to his words:

.» مَنْ تَرَكَ مَالاً فَلِوَرَثَتِهِ، وَمَنْ تَرَكَ كَلاًّ فَإِلَيْنَا «.

“如果有人（在穆斯林中去世）留下了财产，财产将归其继承人所有；如果他留下了受抚养的人（孤儿），我们将负责照顾他们。”（由艾布·胡莱赖ۃ一致传述）。另有艾布·胡莱赖的传述中说：

“If somebody (dies among the Muslims) leaving some property, the property will go to his heirs; and if he leaves dependants (orphans), we will take care of them.” (agreed upon from Abu Hurayrah). And in the narration of Abu Hurayrah:

. وَمَنْ تَ رَكَ مَالاً فَ لْيَرِثْهُ عَ صَبَتُهُ مَنْ كَانُوا، وَمَنْ تَ رَكَ دَيْناً أَوْ ضَيَاعاً فَ لْيَأْتِنِي فَأَنَا « » مَوْلاَه .

“如果信士留下了一些财产，那么他的亲属将继承这些财产；但如果他负有债务，或者他留下了贫困的子女，就让那些（债主和子女）来找我，因为我是他的保护人（的确如此）。”（双方公认的圣训，措辞出自布哈里圣训集。）

“If a believer leaves some property then his relatives will inherit that property; but if he is in debt or he leaves poor children, let those (creditors and children) come to me, for them I am his sponsor (surely)” (agreed upon, and the wording is from Al-Bukhari).

国家应当为那些它有义务赡养的人确保工作机会。伊本·马哲（Ibn Maja）转述了阿奈斯·本·马立克（Anas Bin Malik）的话，他说：

The State ought to secure jobs for those whom she is bound to spend on for their living. Ibn Maja reported from Anas Bin Malik who said:

. يَسْأَلُهُ فَقَالَ: لَكَ فِي بيَْتِكَ شَيْءٌ؟ قَالَ: أَنَّ رَجُلاً مِنْ الأَنْصَارِ جَاءَ إِلَى النَّبِِِّ « بلََى، حِلْسٌ نلَْبَسُ بعَْضَهُ وَنبَْسُطُ بعَْضَهُ وَقَدَحٌ نَشْرَبُ فِيهِ الْمَاءَ، قَالَ: ائْتِنِِ بِِِمَا، قَالَ: فَأَتَاهُ بِيَدِهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ: مَنْ يَشْتَرِي هَذَيْنِ؟ فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ: أَنَا آخُذُهَُُا بِِِمَا، فَأَخَذَهَُُا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ بِدِرْهَمٍ، قَالَ: مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ مَرَّتَيِْ أَوْ ثَلاثًا، قَالَ رَجُلٌ: أَنَا آخُذُهَُُا بِدِرْهََُيِْ، فَأَعْ طَاهَُُا إِيَّاهُ وَأَخَذَ الدِّرْهََُيِْ فَأَعْطَاهَُُا الأَنْصَارِيَّ وَقَالَ: اشْتَرِ بِأَحَدِهَُِا طَعَامًا فَانْبِذْهُ إِلَى أَهْلِكَ، وَاشْتَرِ فَشَدَّ فِيهِ عُودًا بِيَدِهِ وَقَالَ: اذْهَبْ بِالآخَرِ قَدُومًا فَأْتِنِِ بِهِ، فَفَعَلَ، فَأَخَذَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ فَاحْتَطِبْ وَلا أَرَاكَ خََ سَةَ عَشَرَ يوَْمًا، فَجَعَلَ يَحْتَطِبُ وَيَبِيعُ، فَجَاءَ وَقَدْ أَصَابَ عَشْرَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، فَقَالَ اشْتَرِ بِبَعْضِهَا طَعَامًا وَبِبَعْضِهَا ثوَْباً، ثُمَّ قَالَ: هَذَا خَيْرٌ لَكَ مِنْ أَنْ تََِيءَ وَالْمَسْأَلَةُ نُكْتَةٌ فِي وَجْهِكَ يوَْمَ الْقِ يَامَةِ، إِنَّ الْمَسْأَلَةَ لا تَصْلُحُ إِلا لِذِي فَقْرٍ مُدْقِعٍ أَوْ لِذِي غُرْمٍ مُفْظِعٍ أَوْ دَمٍ » مُوجِعٍ .

一位安叙尔人来到先知面前乞求施舍。先知ﷺ问道:“你家里没有什么东西吗?”他回答说:“有的,一块布,我们一部分用来穿,一部分铺在地上;还有一只用来喝水的木碗。”先知ﷺ说:“把它们拿来给我。”他便把这些东西拿来交给先知ﷺ,先知ﷺ用手拿着问道:“谁愿意买这些东西?”一个人说:“我愿以一迪拉姆买下。”先知ﷺ说了两三次:“谁愿出价超过一迪拉姆?”一个人说:“我愿以两迪拉姆买下。”先知ﷺ把东西给了他,拿过两迪拉姆,交给那位安叙尔人,说:“用其中一枚买食物交给你的家人,用另一枚买一把斧头拿来给我。”那人便把斧头拿来了。安拉的使者ﷺ亲手为斧头装上柄,说:“去吧,去拾柴并卖掉,十五天内不要让我再见到你。”那人离开去拾柴卖柴。当他挣得十迪拉姆时,便来到先知ﷺ面前,用其中一部分买了一件衣服,用其余的买了食物。安拉的使者ﷺ随后说:“这对你来说比乞讨更好,因为乞讨会在审判日成为你脸上的一块污痕。乞讨只对三种人是合法的:赤贫到极点的人,负债累累的人,以及担负赔偿责任而难以偿还的人。”提尔米兹圣训集中有一个较短的版本,他认为它是可信的(Hasan),由艾奈斯·本·马立克传述。

“A man of the Ansar came to the Prophet and begged from him. He (the Prophet) asked: Have you nothing in your house? He replied: Yes, a piece of cloth, a part of which we wear and a part of which we spread (on the ground), and a wooden bowl from which we drink water. He said: Bring them to me. He then brought these articles to him and he (the Prophet) took them in his hands and asked: Who will buy these? A man said: I shall buy them for one Dirham. He said twice or thrice: Who will offer more than one Dirham? A man said: I shall buy them for two Dirhams. He gave these to him and took the two Dirhams and, giving them to the Ansari, he said: Buy food with one of them and hand it to your family, and buy an axe and bring it to me. He then brought it to him. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) fixed a handle on it with his own hands and said: Go, gather firewood and sell it, and do not let me see you for a fortnight. The man went away and gathered firewood and sold it. When he had earned ten Dirhams, he came to him and bought a garment with some of them and food with the others. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) then said: This is better for you than that begging should come as a spot on your face on the Day of Judgment. Begging is right only for three people: one who is in grinding poverty, one who is seriously in debt, or one who is responsible for compensation and finds it difficult to pay.” Al-Tirmidhi reported a shorter version that he considered Hasan from Anas Bin Malik:

. بَاعَ حِلْسًا وَقَدَحًا وَقَالَ: مَنْ يَشْتَرِي هَذَا الحِْلْسَ وَالْقَدَحَ؟ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ؟ مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ؟ فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ: أَخَذْتهُُمَا بِدِرْهَمٍ، فَقَالَ النَّ بِ » فَأَعْطَاهُ رَجُلٌ دِرْهََُيِْ ف بَاعَهُمَا مِنْه .

“据传，安拉的使者（愿主福安之）（saw）曾出售一条马鞍垫和一只饮水碗。他（saw）说：‘谁愿意买这马鞍垫和饮水碗？’于是一人说：‘我用一迪拉姆买下它们。’先知ﷺ说：‘谁愿意出价超过一迪拉姆？谁愿意出价超过一迪拉姆？’另一人同意出两迪拉姆，于是先知ﷺ便把它们卖给了他。”并且，在伊本·马哲的圣训记载中，使者（愿主福安之）说：

“That the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) (saw) sold a saddle blanket and a drinking bowl. He (saw) said: "Who will buy saddle blanket and drinking bowl?". So a man said: "I will take them for a Dirham." So the Prophet (saw) said: "Who will give more than a Dirham? Who will give more that a Dirham?" A man agreed to give him two Dirham, so he sold them to him.” And it has been reported in the narration of Ibn Maja that the Messenger (pbuh) said:

. »؟ قَالَ: مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ مَرَّتَيِْ «.

“谁会付出超过一迪拉姆的两倍呢？”在提尔米兹的记述中，使者ﷺ说：

“Who will pay more than a Dirham twice?” and in the narration of Al-Tirmidhi the Messenger (pbuh) said:

. »؟ مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ؟ مَنْ يَزِيدُ عَلَى دِرْهَمٍ «.

“谁愿意出一个迪拉姆以上？谁愿意出一个迪拉姆以上？”换言之，这笔买卖通过拍卖完成。因此，安拉的使者ﷺ以国家元首的身份直接处理就业问题，这意味着国家必须为失业者提供工作。

“who will pay more than a Dirham? Who will pay more than a Dirham” or in other words, the sale was completed through the auction. So the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) dealing with employment directly in his capacity as the head of the State means that the State has to provide work for those unemployed.

在此之上，对于无能力者，无论是实际上的无能力还是法律上的无能力，都有义务从公库（Bayt Al-Mal）中支付生活费。实际上无能力的人是指无法工作的人。而在法律上被视为无能力者，虽然实际上并非无能力，却是有能力工作但找不到工作的人，因此在法律看来他被视为无能力，有义务给予他生活费。因此，为法律上被视为无能力者提供工作，就如同为实际上无能力者提供生活费一样。此外，伊斯兰教法禁止乞求，即向他人讨要，却允许向权威机构，即国家讨要。据艾卜·胡莱赖familiar圣训记载，他说：“安拉的使者ﷺ说：”

Above that, the maintenance from the Bayt Al-Mal is due for the one who is incapable, both practically and legally. The one who is practically incapable is the person unable to work. The one who legally has the rule of the one who is incapable though is not practically incapable, is the person able to work but unable to find it, and so he is considered incapable in the eye of the law, and it is obligatory to give him maintenance. Therefore, providing work for the one who is considered incapable from the view of the law is exactly like providing maintenance for the practically incapable person. Additionally, the Shari’ah forbade asking, in other words, begging, and permitted it from the authority in other words, the State; it is reported from Abu Hurayrah who said: “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:

. » كَ د يَكُدُّ بِهَا الرَّجُلُ وَجْهَهُ إِلا أَنْ يَسْأَلَ الرَّجُلُ سُلْطَانًا أَوْ فِي أَمْرٍ لا بُدَّ مِنْه «.

“（乞讨）是人在自己脸上划的一道伤痕；除非是向统治者求助，或是在无法脱身的迫不得已的情况下。”这段圣训由阿勒-提尔米兹和阿勒-奈萨仪所传述。提尔米兹说它是“Hasan Sahih”（良好且可靠）。艾哈迈德也传述了类似的内容，阿勒-宰因对其作了认证。这说明向当权者，即向国家求助是被允许的，这意味着国家有责任照顾他、供养他，或为他安排工作。

“(Begging) is a cut that a person inflicts upon his face; except for asking a ruler, or under the stress of circumstances from which there is no escape.” reported by Al-Tirmidhi and Al- Nasa’i, Al-Tirmidhi said it is Hasan Sahih, and Ahmad reported something similar which Al-Zayn authenticated, which is proof that it is permitted to ask the authority, in other words, the State, and this means that she is responsible for him and for his maintenance, or securing a job/work for him.