第173条
Article 173
每周应当开设伊斯兰学科和阿拉伯语课程,其课时和课时量应与其他学科的课程相同。
There must be weekly classes in Islamic sciences and Arabic, with the same time and amount allocated as the classes for the rest of the sciences.
所教授的科目分为两类:一类是培养心智的科学知识,使人能够从事物的真实性与特性角度,以及从其与人性相适应的角度,来判断言语、行为和事物,例如化学、物理学、天文学、数学以及其他实验性科学。这类知识与人格的塑造没有直接关系。至于关于言语、行为和事物的伊斯兰教法知识,其目的在于阐明教法的规定性律例(Taklifi),即某事是否为义务、推荐、允许、厌恶或禁止,或阐明归属性律例(Ahkam Al-Wad’),例如某事是起因、条件还是阻碍,是特许(Rukhsa)还是本原律例('Azimah),是有效(Sahih)、无效(Batil)还是有瑕疵(Fasid),据此建立伊斯兰的心态。如果这些教法律例同时带有这样的目标:使穆斯林对事物、行为和言语采取伊斯兰的立场,即在倾向于它们或反对它们方面,在满足身体需求和本能时,取其所应取,舍其所应舍,那么伊斯兰的性情便得以建立。伊斯兰的人格由伊斯兰的心态和性情构成,而伊斯兰信仰('Aqeedah)则是其思想与倾向的基础。伊斯兰要求穆斯林思考宇宙、人类和生命的创造,正如安拉(SWT)所说:
The taught subjects are of two types: scientific knowledge to develop the mind, in order that the person can judge the words, actions and objects from the angle of their reality and characteristics, and from the angle of their adaptation to human nature – such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics and other experimental sciences. This knowledge has no direct relationship with the building of the personality. As for the Shari’ah knowledge of the words, actions and objects, in order to explain the defining Shari’ah rule (Taklifi), if it was obligatory, recommended, permitted, disliked or prohibited, or to explain the Ahkam Al-Wad’ such as whether it was a cause, condition or prevention, or a concession (Rukhsa) or an original rule (‘Azimah), or if it was valid (Sahih), void (Batil) or defective (Fasid), and accordingly the Islamic mentality is built. If these Shari’ah rules are accompanied by the goal of getting the Muslim to take an Islamic position towards objects, actions and words in terms of their inclinations towards or against them, and to take or leave them when fulfilling their bodily needs and instincts, then the Islamic disposition is built. The Islamic personality is built from the Islamic mentality and disposition, which makes the Islamic belief (‘Aqeedah) the basis for its thoughts and inclinations. Islam asks the Muslim to think about the creation of the universe, mankind and life, such as His (swt) words:
“你们应当思考天地的创造”(《古兰经》3:191):“难道他们不看看骆驼,它是怎样被创造的吗?”(《古兰经》88:17)以及:“这样,真主使死者复活,并向你们显示他的种种迹象,以便你们领悟。”(《古兰经》2:73)同样,伊斯兰教也要求穆斯林在其法律、行为和意向上遵守沙里亚的规定。真主(SWT)说:
“And give thought to the creation of the heavens and the earth.” (TMQ 3:191): “Then do they not look at the camels - how they are created?” (TMQ 88:17) and: “Thus does Allah (swt) bring the dead to life, and He shows you His signs that you might reason.” (TMQ 2:73). In the same manner, Islam also asks the Muslim to adhere to the Shari’ah rules in his laws, actions and inclinations: He (swt) said:
“但不然,以你的主发誓,他们在彼此争执的事情上,若不让你(穆罕默德ﷺ)来裁决,并且对你所裁决的,心中毫无不满,甘心完全顺服,他们就不算真正信道。”{TMQ 4:65},以及:“使者给你们的,你们就拿取;他禁止你们的,你们就戒绝。”{TMQ 59:7},以及:“信道的人们啊!如果他们偏爱不信而不爱信,你们就不要以你们的父亲和兄弟为盟友。”{TMQ 9:23},以及:“你说:‘你们只管行事,安拉(SWT)必定会看见你们的行为,使者ﷺ和信士们也会看见。你们将被送还给知晓幽玄和显现之事的主,他必将告诉你们所做过的事。’”{TMQ 9:105}
“But no, by your Lord, they will not [truly] believe until they make you, [O Muhammad], judge concerning that over which they dispute among themselves and then find within themselves no discomfort from what you have judged and submit in [full, willing] submission.” (TMQ 4:65), and: “And whatever the Messenger (pbuh) has given you - take; and what he has forbidden you - refrain from.” (TMQ 59:7), and: “O you who have believed, do not take your fathers or your brothers as allies if they have preferred disbelief over belief.” (TMQ 9:23), and: “And say, "Do [as you will], for Allah (swt) will see your deeds, and [so, will] His Messenger (pbuh) and the believers. And you will be returned to the Knower of the unseen and the witnessed, and He will inform you of what you used to do."” (TMQ 9:105).
正如学校被要求成为培养杰出伊斯兰人格的首个摇篮,使其精通法理学(Usul Al-Fiqh)、语言学和经注学的规则,学校同样被要求成为培养杰出伊斯兰人格的首个摇篮,使其掌握原子科学、天文学和计算机等科学知识。诞生了政治、治理和圣战领袖的伊斯兰民族,如艾布·伯克尔(愿真主喜悦他)、哈立德(愿真主喜悦他)和萨拉丁,同样也诞生了法学与科学学者,如沙斐仪、布哈里、花拉子米和伊本·海赛姆。在学校阶段教授这一切知识的目标,是培养学生的伊斯兰人格,使他准备进入现实生活,或为其继续深造做好准备,从而造就杰出人才,这些人才对提高民族的智识与科学水平至关重要,并使民族有能力引领世界,将所有人从不信的黑暗引向伊斯兰的光明,从人定法的压迫引向沙里亚法的公正。同样,要努力利用天地间的一切,为人类谋福祉,使之合乎真主(SWT)所喜悦的方式,遵循祂(SWT)的经文:
Just as it is requested from the school to be the first incubator to build the distinguished Islamic personality, in the knowledge of the rules of the basis of jurisprudence (Usul Al-Fiqh), language and Tafsir, it is also requested to be the first incubator to build the distinguished Islamic personality with the scientific knowledge such as atomic science, astronomy and computing. The Islamic Ummah which gave birth to leaders in politics, governance and Jihad such as Abu Bakr (ra), Khalid (ra) and Salah Al-Deen, is the same Ummah which gave birth to the scholars in jurisprudence and science such as Al-Shafi’i, Al-Bukhari, Al-Khawarizmi and Ibn Al-Haytham. The goal of teaching all of this knowledge in the school stage is to build the Islamic personality of the student, and to prepare him to enter into the realm of practical life, or to prepare him to continue higher studies in order to create distinguished personalities which are necessary to raise the intellectual and scientific level of the Ummah, and to prepare it to lead the world to take all the people from the darkness of disbelief to the light of Islam, and from the oppression of man made law to the justice of the Shari’ah law. And in the same manner to work to harness what is in the heavens and the earth for the benefit and well being of mankind in that which pleases Allah (swt), in accordance with His (swt) words:
“但你要借真主赐予你的,去追求后世的住所;但你也不要忘记你在今世的那一份。”(《古兰经》28:77)
“But seek, through that which Allah (swt) has given you, the home of the Hereafter; and [yet], do not forget your share of the world.” (TMQ 28:77).
基于此,将开设科学与伊斯兰教法知识的课程,并且必须平衡这些课程,以满足两个领域的要求,使穆斯林能够在这片大地上生活,而安拉(SWT)使他成为这片大地的继承者,并以安拉(SWT)和祂的使者(ﷺ)所喜爱的方式生活。我们所关注的科学知识,是那些与关于生命的观点没有直接联系、也不源自伊斯兰信仰、而是建立在伊斯兰信仰之上的知识,例如使学生能够进入现实生活所必需的技能和知识。学生首先学习的,是与其所生活的环境互动所必需的那些科学,例如数学,以及关于所使用的工具和机械的普通科学,如电子和电气设备及家用工具。同样,道路和街道上的交通原则与规则也在其中。这些学科的教学将考虑学生所生活的环境,例如环境是工业性的、农业性的还是商业性的,是山地、沙漠还是平原,是炎热还是寒冷。在十岁之前教授这些学科的目标,是使学生能够与周围的事物互动,并根据其年龄和需要加以利用。
Based upon this, there will be classes in scientific and Shari’ah knowledge, and it is obligatory to balance the classes to meet the requirements of the two sections in order for the Muslim to be capable to live on this earth which Allah (swt) made him a successor upon, in a manner which Allah (swt) and His Messenger (pbuh) love. The scientific knowledge that we are concerned with are those that do not have a direct relationship with the viewpoint about life, and do not emanate from the Islamic belief, but rather are built upon it, such as the necessary skills and knowledge to prepare the student to enter the realm of practical life. The first thing that the student is taught are those sciences that are necessary to interact with the environment he lives in such as mathematics and the general sciences about the tools and machinery used such as electronic and electrical equipment, and domestic tools. And in the same manner the principles and rules of traffic in the roads and streets, and the teaching of these subjects would take into account the environment in which the students live, such as if it was industrial, agricultural or trade, and if it was mountainous, desert or a plain, and whether it was hot or cold. The goal in teaching these subjects until the age of ten is to enable the student to interact with the things around them, and to utilise them according to their age and needs.
十岁以后,他们开始循序渐进地学习数学的各个分支,同样也学习物理、化学和生物等其他科学,以及游泳、跳跃和射击靶标等有益的体育项目。进入青春期后,他们在军队的监督下学习军事技能,之后便可以继续进入高等教育机构和大学,在必要的范围内学习科学中有益的知识。
After the age of ten, they start to be taught the branches of mathematics in stages, and similarly the other sciences such as physics, chemistry and biology, and beneficial sports such as swimming, jumping and shooting at targets. After puberty they are taught military skills under the supervision of the army, and then they can continue in the higher education institutions and universities to learn beneficial knowledge from the sciences to the extent necessary.