哈里发任命执行助理，他们的工作是行政性的。他们不是统治者，其部门是负责执行哈里发所颁布之事务的机构，无论是内政还是外交权限中的事务，并将由这些权限提交给他的事项呈报给哈里发。该部门是哈里发与他人之间的中介，在以下事项上向他传达，也从他那里传达：

The Khalifah appoints assistants for implementation and their work is administrative. They are not rulers and their department is the institution that executes what the Khalifah issues in both of the internal and foreign affairs authorities and submits what comes to him from these authorities. The department is the intermediary between the Khalifah and others, conveying to and from him in the following matters:

a. 与他人的关系。

a. Relations with the people.

国际关系。

b. International relations.

c. 军队。

c. The military.

d. 国家中除军队以外的各机构。

d. The institutions of the State other than the military.

执行助理是哈里发任命的部长，协助他处理事务，跟进并落实他的命令。他是哈里发与各国家部门、民众和外交部之间的中介，向哈里发传达信息，也将信息从哈里发处传出。他是执行命令的助手，并不拥有对这些命令的权力，也不受托负责这些命令，即其职责在于执行与行政，而非统治。他的部门是执行哈里发向内政与外交部门所颁布之事的工具，并确保通过这些部门呈报给哈里发的一切事务都服从哈里发。他的部门充当哈里发与他人之间的中介：代表哈里发向他人传达，也将他人的信息传达给哈里发。

The executive assistant is the minister whom the Khalifah appoints to be his assistant in the execution of matters, the following up and implementation of his orders. He is the intermediary between the Khalifah and the various State departments, the subjects and the foreign office. He conveys messages to and from the Khalifah. He is an assistant in executing orders and is not authorised over them or entrusted with them i.e. his role is one of execution and administrative and not ruling. His department is a tool used to execute what the Khalifah issues to the internal and foreign offices, ensuring submission to the Khalifah in all that comes to him through these offices. His department acts as an intermediary between the Khalifah and others, where it conveys to them on his behalf and conveys to him from them.

在先知穆罕默德ﷺ和正统哈里发时期，执行助理被称为书记（Al-Katib）。后来，他被称为书信或通信档案的管理者。再后来，人们决定称他为撰文书记或撰文档案的管理者，而后法学家们将他称为执行助理（Wazir Al-Tanfidh）。

The executive assistant used to be called a secretary (Al- Katib) at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and the righteous Khulafaa’. Then he became known as the keeper of the Diwan of letters or correspondence. Later, it was decided that he is called the secretary of composition or the keeper of the Diwan of composition and then the jurists named him the executive assistant (Wazir Al-Tanfidh).

关于所提及的四个问题的行为,其依据在于考察那些与当时的经文抄写者(Katib,即执行秘书/Wazir Al-Tanfidh)相关的证据,以及正统哈里发在大批圣门弟子面前的所作所为。

As for the actions regarding the four issues mentioned – the evidence is through examination of the evidences related to the Katib (Wazir Al-Tanfidh) at the time of the Messenger (pbuh) and the actions of the righteous Khulafaa’ in front of the masses of companions:

a. 直接发送给受众的信息，例如：

a. The messages sent to the subjects directly. Such as:

- 他（愿主赐福并平安）致奈季兰人的信。阿布·欧拜德在《财产》（Al-Amwal）中引述阿布·马利哈·胡塞利的话，其末尾提到……

- His (pbuh) message to the people of Najran. Abu ’Ubayd narrated in Al-Amwal from Abu Al-Malih Al-Huthali which mentioned at its end.

. » شَ هِ دَ بِذَلِكَ عُ ثْ مَ انُ بْ نُ عَفَّانَ وَمُعَيْقِيبُ، وَكَتَ ب «.

. » شَ هِ دَ بِذَلِكَ عُ ثْ مَ انُ بْ نُ عَفَّانَ وَمُعَيْقِيبُ، وَكَتَ ب «.

“‘Uthman Bin ‘Affan 和 Mu‘ayqib 见证了此事，并且他书写了。”Abu Yusuf 在《Al-Kharaj》中转述了此事，并提到书写者是 Al-Mughaira；随后又提到了 ‘Umar（愿安拉喜悦他）的信函，书写者是 Mu‘ayqib；接着是 ‘Uthman（愿安拉喜悦他）致他们的信函，书写者是他的仆人 Hamran；再后是 ‘Ali（愿安拉喜悦他）的信函，书写者是 ‘Abdullah b. Abi Rafi‘。

- “’Uthman Bin ’Affan and Mu’ayqib witnessed it, and he wrote”. Abu Yusuf reported it in Al-Kharaj and mentioned that the Katib was Al-Mughaira, and then it mentioned the message of Umar (ra) with the Katib being Mu’ayqib, and then the message of ’Uthman (ra) to them with the Katib being his servant Hamran, and then the message from ’Ali (ra) with the Katib being ’Abdullah b. Abi Rafi’.

他（愿主福安之）致塔米姆·阿德-达里的信。阿布·优素福在《哈拉吉书》中提到说。

- His (pbuh) message to Tamim Al-Dari. Abu Yusuf mentioned in Al-Kharaj saying.

. قَامَ تَمِيمٌ الدَّارِيُّ وَهُوَ تَمِيمُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ - رَجُلٌ مِنْ لَخْمٍ - فَ قَالَ يَا رَسُولَ « اللَّهِ، إِنَّ لِي جِيرَةً مِنَ الرُّومِ بِفِلَسْطِينَ، لَهُمْ قَ رْيَةٌ ي قَُالُ لَهَا حِبْ رَى، وَأُخْرَى ي قَُالُ لَهَا عَيْ نُونُ، وَإِنْ فَ تَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكَ الشَّامَ فَ هَبْ هُمَا لِي، فَ قَالَ: هُمَا لَكَ. قَالَ: فَاكْ تُبْ لِي بِذَلِكَ، فَكَتَبَ لَهُ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، هَذَا كِتَابٌ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ لِ تَِِمِيمِ بْنِ أَوْسِ الدَّارِيِّ، أَنَّ لَهُ قَ رْيَة حِبْ رَى وَبَ يْتَ عَ ي نُونَ قَ رْيَ تُ هَا كُلُّهَا، وَسَهْلُهَا وَجَبَ لُهَا وَمَاؤُهَا وَحَرْث هَُا وَأَنْ بَاطُهَا وَبَ قَرُهَا وَلِعَقِبِهِ مِنْ بَ عْدِهِ، لاَ يُحَاقُّهُ فِيهَا أَحَدٌ، وَلاَ ي لُْحِدُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَحَدٌ بِظُلْمٍ، فَمَنْ ظَلَمَ وَأَخَذَ مِنْ هُمْ شَيْئاً فَإِنَّ عَل يْهِ لَعْنَةَ اللَّهِ وَالمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ. وَكَتَبَ » عَلِيٌ.

. قَامَ تَمِيمٌ الدَّارِيُّ وَهُوَ تَمِيمُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ - رَجُلٌ مِنْ لَخْمٍ - فَ قَالَ يَا رَسُولَ « اللَّهِ، إِنَّ لِي جِيرَةً مِنَ الرُّومِ بِفِلَسْطِينَ، لَهُمْ قَ رْيَةٌ ي قَُالُ لَهَا حِبْ رَى، وَأُخْرَى ي قَُالُ لَهَا عَيْ نُونُ، وَإِنْ فَ تَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكَ الشَّامَ فَ هَبْ هُمَا لِي، فَ قَالَ: هُمَا لَكَ. قَالَ: فَاكْ تُبْ لِي بِذَلِكَ، فَكَتَبَ لَهُ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، هَذَا كِتَابٌ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ لِ تَِِمِيمِ بْنِ أَوْسِ الدَّارِيِّ، أَنَّ لَهُ قَ رْيَة حِبْ رَى وَبَ يْتَ عَ ي نُونَ قَ رْيَ تُ هَا كُلُّهَا، وَسَهْلُهَا وَجَبَ لُهَا وَمَاؤُهَا وَحَرْث هَُا وَأَنْ بَاطُهَا وَبَ قَرُهَا وَلِعَقِبِهِ مِنْ بَ عْدِهِ، لاَ يُحَاقُّهُ فِيهَا أَحَدٌ، وَلاَ ي لُْحِدُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَحَدٌ بِظُلْمٍ، فَمَنْ ظَلَمَ وَأَخَذَ مِنْ هُمْ شَيْئاً فَإِنَّ عَل يْهِ لَعْنَةَ اللَّهِ وَالمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ. وَكَتَبَ » عَلِيٌ.

“塔米姆·达里（塔米姆·本·奥斯，来自拉赫姆部落的一个人）站起来说：‘安拉的使者啊，我在巴勒斯坦的罗马人中有一片邻地，那里有一个村庄叫希布拉，另一个叫阿伊努。如果安拉使您征服沙姆，就把它们赏赐给我吧。’先知ﷺ说：‘它们是你的了。’他又说：‘请为我写下这份文书。’于是先知ﷺ写道：‘奉至仁至慈的安拉之名。这是安拉的使者穆罕默德ﷺ写给塔米姆·本·奥斯·达里的文书，将希布拉和阿伊努这两个村庄的所有房屋、它们的平原、山岭、水源、农田、植物和牲畜，都赐予他，以及在他之后的人。任何人不得与他们争夺，任何人也不得企图以武力夺取。谁若欺压并从中取走任何东西，谁就将承受安拉、天使和所有人的诅咒。’这份文书由阿里书写。”艾布·伯克尔（愿安拉喜悦他）执掌哈里发职位时，又给他们写了一份文书，其中写道：“奉至仁至慈的安拉之名。这是安拉使者ﷺ的继承人、地上的接班人艾布·伯克尔写给达里人的文书：任何人不得在希布拉和阿伊努的村庄中损害任何东西；凡听从并顺服安拉的人，不得从中损害任何东西；并且应在村庄周围修建两道入口，以阻止任何企图进入者。”

- “Tamim Al-Dari (Tamim Bin Aws, a man from Lakhm) stood up and said: O Messenger of Allah, I have a neighbourhood from the Romans in Palestine – there is a village which is called Hibra, and another called Aynun. If Allah opens as-Sham to you, grant them to me as a gift. And so he said – They are yours. He said – write that for me, and so he wrote: In the name of Allah, this is a message from Muhammad the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to Tamim Bin Aws Al-Dari, that he has all the houses of the two villages: Hibra and Aynun, and their plains, mountains, water, agriculture, plants and its cattle, and for who comes after him. No one should contest over it with them, and no one should incline to take it by force. Whoever oppresses and takes anything from it, then they will have the curses of Allah and the angels and all of the people. ’Ali was the one who wrote it”. When Abu Bakr (ra) took the leadership, he wrote them a message which mentioned “In the name of Allah – this is a message from Abu Bakr the guarantor of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) succeeded on the Earth, he wrote to the people of Dari, no one should spoil anything by their hand from the villages of Hibra and Aynun, and whoever heard and obeyed Allah, then do not spoil anything from them, and should build two entrances around them to prevent anyone who intended to do so from entering”.

b. 国际关系：

b. International relations:

《胡达比耶和约》：布哈里根据米斯瓦尔和марван（马尔万）的叙述，记载了这份和约的经过： Note: the name "Marwan" should be written as "Marwan" in the original; correcting the typo above, the translation is: 《胡达比耶和约》：布哈里根据米斯瓦尔和马尔万的叙述，记载了关于此和约的内容：

- The Treaty of Hudaybiyah: Al-Bukhari narrated from Al- Miswar and Marwan regarding the treaty:

»... الكَاتِبَ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ «。- “于是先知（ﷺ）召唤了书记员……”。阿布·优素福也在《土地税书》（Al-Kharaj）中叙述道：

.»... الكَاتِبَ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ «. - “So the Prophet (phuh) called the Katib (writer)…”. Abu Yusuf also narrated in the book Al-Kharaj saying:

. وَحَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَقَ وَالكَلْبِيُّ، زَادَ بَ عْضُهُمْ عَلَى ب عَْضٍ فِي الحَدِيثِ، « »... وَفِيهِ: وَقَالَ: اكْ تُ بُوا – .

. وَحَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَقَ وَالكَلْبِيُّ، زَادَ بَ عْضُهُمْ عَلَى ب عَْضٍ فِي الحَدِيثِ، « »... وَفِيهِ: وَقَالَ: اكْ تُ بُوا – .

“穆罕默德·伊本·伊斯哈格和阿尔-卡尔比告诉我，其他一些人在叙述中补充道：他说：‘你们写’（复数）。”未提及撰写者姓名。伊本·凯西尔转述。

“Muhammad Ibn Ishaq and Al-Kalbi informed me, some others added in the narration saying: He said: Write (plural)”, without mentioning the name of the writer. Ibn Kathir reported.

. عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبَ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَقَ قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ ... ثُمَّ دَعَا رَسُ ولُ اللَّهِ « »... فَ قَالَ: اكْتُبْ  - .

. عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبَ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَقَ قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ ... ثُمَّ دَعَا رَسُ ولُ اللَّهِ « »... فَ قَالَ: اكْتُبْ  - .

伊本·伊斯哈格说：祖海里说……然后安拉的使者ﷺ召唤阿里·伊本·阿比·图卡卜，说：“你写（单数）……”。艾布·欧拜德在《财产》一书中从伊本·阿拔斯处转述此事，他说：

“Ibn Ishaq said Al-Zuhri said…then the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) called upon ’Ali Ibn Abi Talib and said: ‘Write (singular)…’”. Abu ’Ubayd narrated it in the book of Al- Amwal from Ibn ’Abbas, where he said:

. »... فَ قَالَ لِعَلِيٍّ: أُكْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

. »... فَ قَالَ لِعَلِيٍّ: أُكْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

“……然后他对阿里说：‘阿里啊，你写吧……’”哈基姆从伊本·阿拔斯处转述此段，达哈比认可并认为其为圣训，他说：

- “….and he said to ’Ali: ‘O ’Ali, write…’” and Al-Hakim narrated from Ibn ’Abbas, and Al-Dhahabi authenticated and approved it, saying:

. »... اكُْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

. »... اكُْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

“……O ’Ali, write……”。这份和约的文本广为人知，此处无需赘述。 c. 军事方面： - 艾卜·伯克尔（愿真主喜悦他）致哈立德（愿真主喜悦他）的信，信中命令他前往沙姆。艾卜·优素福在《土地税书》（Al-Kharaj）中说：“哈立德想以希拉为据点。然而艾卜·伯克尔的信送达他那里，命令他前往沙姆，去支援艾卜·欧拜德和穆斯林……” d. 军事以外的国家机构方面： - 先知ﷺ致穆阿兹的信，内容关于十一税（Al-Ushr）：亚哈亚·本·阿丹在《土地税书》中转述哈桑的话，他说：

- “…..O ’Ali, write…”. The text of this peace treaty is well known and does not need mentioning here. c. The Military: - The letter of Abu Bakr (ra) to Khalid (ra), in which he commands him to travel to as-Sham. Abu Yusuf said in the book Al-Kharaj: “Khalid wanted to take Al-Heerah as his centre. However, the letter of Abu Bakr came to him commanding him to travel to as-Sham as reinforcement for Abu ’Ubaydah and the Muslims…” d. The institutions of the state other than the military - The letter of the Messenger (pbuh) to Mu’adh regarding the tenth (Al-Ushr): Yahya Ibn Adam narrated in the book of Al-Kharaj from Al-Hasan, he said:

. إِلَى مُعَاذٍ بِالْيَمَنِ: فِيمَا سَقَتِ السَّمَاءُ أَوْ سُقِيَ غَيْلاً كَتَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « » العُشْرُ، وَمَا سُقِيَ بِالغَرْبِ فَنِصْفُ العُشْرِ .

. إِلَى مُعَاذٍ بِالْيَمَنِ: فِيمَا سَقَتِ السَّمَاءُ أَوْ سُقِيَ غَيْلاً كَتَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « » العُشْرُ، وَمَا سُقِيَ بِالغَرْبِ فَنِصْفُ العُشْرِ .

“使者ﷺ致信也门的穆阿兹：‘雨水灌溉或大河灌溉之物，应缴纳十分之一；用水桶汲水灌溉之物，应缴纳二十分之一（即十分之一的一半）。’”沙比（Al-Sha’bi）也记载了同样的圣训。伊本·艾布·沙伊巴（Ibn Abu Shaybah）在其关于治理（司法/统治）的著作中，也记载了类似的内容。

– “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) wrote to Mu’adh in Yemen: “A tenth is payable on what is watered by rain or by sizable water; and a twentieth (have of a tenth) on what is watered by bucket.” Al-Sha’bi wrote the same narration. Ibn Abu Shaybah has also narrated similar in his book about ruling.

哈里发可以根据需要任命书记员（Kuttab）；甚至在他若无法完成各项必要职责而不任命他们时，此事可能上升为一种义务。撰写先知穆罕默德ﷺ传记的作者们提到，他身边大约有二十位这样的书记员。

The Khalifah can appoint writers (Kuttab) according to his needs; rather it could reach to the level of being an obligation if he could not fulfill the obligatory tasks without appointing them. The authors who wrote the history of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) mention that he had about twenty such writers.