14 国库(Bayt al-Mal)

国库（Bayt Al-Mal）是负责依照伊斯兰教法规则征收、保管和支出收入与开支的管理机构。国库总署的负责人称为国库总管（Khazin Bayt Al-Mal）。各省的分支机构隶属于国库总署，每个分支机构的负责人称为国库受托人（Sahib Bayt Al-Mal）。

The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) is the administration responsible for the revenues and expenditure in accordance with the Shari’ah rules in terms of their collection, storage and spending. The head of the office of the treasury is called the Treasurer of the Treasury (Khazin Bayt Al-Mal). The offices in the provinces fall under it and the head of each office is called the Trustee of the Treasury (Sahib Bayt Al-Mal).

“Bayt al-Mal”是一个由属格结构构成的名词。它指国家收入存放的场所，直至这些收入被支出为止。它也可以指负责收取和支出穆斯林应得款项的机构。

Bayt Al-Mal is a noun made from a genitive construction. It is used to mean the place where the state’s revenues are kept until they are spent. It could mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for Muslims.

我们已经采纳了我们之前所解释的做法:总督被赋予一种特殊的权力,该权力不包括军队、司法和财政。因此,整个军队将成为一个中央部门(由圣战总指挥官统领)。司法将成为一个中央部门(称为司法部),全部财政则构成一个中央部门(称为国库),它独立于国家内的任何其他机构,并与其他机构一样隶属于哈里发。

We have adopted – as we explained earlier - that the governor is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by the Amir of Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary) and the entire funds form a central department (known as the treasury), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and is subordinate to the Khalifah as are the other organisations.

除此之外,有大量证据表明,国库由先知(愿主赐福并使他平安)或哈里发,或他所任命主管国库的人直接管理。使者(愿主赐福并使他平安)有时会亲自处理财物,他也有一个保险库。他会接收这些财物,加以分配,并将其用在应有的地方。在其他时候,他会指派某人负责此事。正直的哈里发们在他之后也是这样做的:他们有时亲自掌管国库,有时则委派他人代为管理。

This is in addition to the fact that there are abundant evidences that the treasury was under the direct authority of the Messenger (pbuh) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes deal directly with the funds and he had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them, and spend them in their due place. On other occasions he used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the righteous Khulafaa’ used to do after him , where they either took charge of the treasury by themselves, or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.

先知ﷺ曾将财物放在清真寺里，正如布哈里从安斯处传述的那样，他说：

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:

. » يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « .

“有一些钱从巴林被带到先知ﷺ那里。他说：‘把它铺在清真寺里。’”

“Some funds were brought to the Prophet (phuh) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it out in the mosque.’”.

他有时会将它放在他的某位妻子的房间里，正如布哈里从欧格白那里所传述的：他说：

He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said:

. بيالْمَ ي دينَية الْعَصْرَ، فَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ قَامَ مُسْيرعًا، فَ تَخَطَّى يرقَابَ صَلَّيْتُ وَرَاءَ النَّيبِِّ « النَّا ي س إيلَى ب عَْ ي ض حُجَير نيسَائييه، فَ فَيزعَ النَّاسُ يمنْ سُرْعَتييه، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْيهمْ، فَ رَأَى أَن هَُّمْ عَ ي جبُوا يمنْ » سُرْعَتييه، فَ قَالَ: ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ .

我在麦地那随先知（ﷺ）一同礼了晡礼。他以塔斯利姆（Taslim）结束拜功后，便急忙起身，穿过众人的行列，走向他的一位妻子的住处。众人因他的急促而感到惊恐。先知（ﷺ）回来时，见众人对他的急促感到诧异，便对他们说："我想起家中还有一块金子未处理，我不愿它分散我对安拉崇拜的专注，所以我已吩咐将它分发出去（作为施舍）。"

“I offered the `Asr prayer behind the Prophet (phuh) at Medina. When he finished the prayer with Taslim, he got up hurriedly and went out by crossing the rows of the people to one of the dwellings of his wives. The people got scared at his speed . The Prophet (phuh) came back and found the people surprised at his haste and said to them, "I remembered a piece of gold lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity)”.

关于将其保存在安全的地方——穆斯林记载，欧麦尔（ra）曾说：

With respect to keeping it in a safe - Muslim narrated from Umar (ra) that he said:

. قَالَتْ: هُوَ يفي ي خزَانَتييه يفي الْمَشْرُبَية ... ؟ فَ قُلْتُ لهَاَ: أَيْنَ رَسُولُ اللهي ...« فَيإذَا أَنَا بيقَبْضَةٍ يمنْ شَعييرٍ نََْيو الصَّاي ع، وَيمثْليهَا قَ رَظًا فَ نَظَرْتُ بيبَصَيري يفي ي خزَانَية رَسُويل اللهي يفي نَا ي حيَية الْغُرْفَية وَإيذَا أَفييقٌ مُعَلَّقٌ. قَالَ: فَابْ تَدَرَتْ عَيْ نَايَ قَالَ: مَا ي بُْكِيكَ يَا ابْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ؟ قُ لْتُ: يَا نَيبَِّ اللهي، وَمَا يلَ لاَ أَبْ ي كي وَهَذَا الَْْ ي صيرُ قَدْ أَث رََّ يفي جَنْبيكَ، وَهَ ي ذهي ي خزَان تَُكَ لا أَرَى »... ؟ فييهَا إيلاَّ مَا أَرَى .

“……于是我对她说:‘真主的使者ﷺ在哪里?’她说:‘他在木制小阁楼里他的储物柜中。’我注视着真主的使者ﷺ的储物柜,突然看到一侧的房间里有大约一沙阿(一种小型容量单位)的大麦,以及与之相当的、用于制作果汁的树上果实。我还看到房间里挂着一张未经鞣制的兽皮。我的眼睛湿润了。先知ﷺ说:‘是什么让你哭泣,阿尔-哈塔布之子?’我说:‘真主的先知ﷺ啊!我怎能不哭泣呢?这张席子在您身上留下了印痕,而这就是您的储物柜,我在里面看到的只有我所看到的这些……’”

“..So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an un-tanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet (phuh) said ‘What makes you weep, son of Al- Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet (phuh) of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see…’.”.

在正统哈里发时期,存放公款的地方逐渐被称为"公库"(Bayt Al-Mal)。伊本·萨阿德在《大事记》(Al-Tabaqat)中,转述萨希勒·伊本·阿布·哈思玛及其他人的说法:"阿布·伯克尔在阿尔-萨尼赫有一所房子,没有人看守。有人对他说:'你为什么不派人看守它?'他说:'它有锁。'他将其中的财物陆续分发出去,直至空空如也。当他迁往麦地那时,便将其搬走,放在自己家中。" 欣纳德在《禁欲篇》(Al-Zuhd)中以良好的传述链,转述安纳斯的话:"有一个人来见欧麦尔,说:'信士们的领袖啊!请资助我,我想去参加圣战。'欧麦尔说:'拉着他的手,带他到公库去,让他取所需的钱财。'" 拜哈基在《大圣训集》(Al-Sunan Al-Kubra)中转述阿卜杜拉·伊本·瓦迪阿的话,伊本·哈贾尔认定该段传述可靠:"阿布·胡宰法的仆人萨利姆,是我们家一位名叫萨勒玛·宾特·叶尔的女子的仆人。她在蒙昧时期释放了他。他在叶麻玛战役中阵亡后,他的遗产被送到欧麦尔·伊本·哈塔卜那里。欧麦尔便召见了瓦迪阿·伊本·希西姆,说:'这是你仆人的遗产,你比别人更有权得到它。'他说:'信士们的领袖啊,真主使我们不需要它。我们的女主人无条件地释放了他,所以我们不想因他的事而使自己蒙羞(或使自己受损)。'于是欧麦尔将他的遗产放入公库。" 拜哈基和达里米转述,伊本·哈兹姆认定该段传述可靠:"苏夫扬·伊本·阿卜杜拉·伊本·拉比阿·塞given·萨given·萨给给" 阿布杜拉·本·阿慕尔叙述说："在奥斯曼执政时，有一名奴隶去世，没有任何亲属。于是他下令将其财产交入公库（Bayt Al-Mal）。"达里米（Al-Darimi）和伊本·艾布·沙伊巴（Ibn Abi Shaybah）都有此段记载。伊本·阿卜杜·巴尔（Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr）在《Al-Istidhkar》中引述安纳斯·伊本·西林（Anas Ibn Sirin）的话："阿里过去分配公库中的资金，直到公库空了，然后他会将其洗净，并坐在里面。"

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

关于Bayt Al-Mal的第一种含义,即"场所"而言,第二种含义即"负责机构"之所以需要说明,是因为有些财产并不存放于某个场所之中,例如土地、油井、气井、矿产,以及从财富中提取并分配给应得者的慈善基金,这些都不是存放在某个地方的。Bayt Al-Mal有时也用来指负责机构,正如Al-Bayhaqi在《Sunan》、Ahmad在《Al-Musnad》以及‘Abd Al-Razzaq在其《Musannaf》中,从Lahiq Ibn Hameed所传述的:"Ibn Mas'ood被派去主管司法和Bayt Al-Mal。"这并不意味着Umar(ra)派他去Bayt Al-Mal做看门人,而是说他负责收取和支配这些财产。这与Ibn Al-Mubarak在《Al-Zuhd》中从Al-Hasan传述的含义相同:当巴士拉的领袖与Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari一同前来,请求他为他们分配食物时,他在结束对他们的讲话时说:"诸位领袖!我已从Bayt Al-Mal为你们分配了两只羊和两块可耕地。"由此可见,它可以指负责机构。

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

负责支配伯special的收入并处理伯特·马尔（Bayt Al-Mal）开支的，是哈里发。 Correction: the correct transliteration should be Bayt Al-Mal as written in the original. Corrected translation: 负责支配Bayt Al-Mal（公库）收入并处理其开支的，是哈里发。

The one that disposes of the revenues and deals with the expenses of Bayt Al-Mal is the Khalifah.

真使者（ﷺ）曾将奥斯曼（愿主喜悦之）为“困难军”（Al-‘Usrah）所捐的善款，放在自己的膝上。艾哈迈德有所记载；提尔米兹也有一段记载，他认为其为“哈桑·加利布”（Hasan Gharib）一类的圣训，哈基姆认为其真实可靠，并获得祖哈比的赞同。这段记载传自阿卜杜·拉哈曼·本·萨穆拉，他说：

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman (ra) to the army of hardship (‘Usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi reported a narration - they considered it to be Hasan Gharib, and Al-Hakim authenticated it and Al-Dhahabi agreed with him - from ‘Abd al Rahman b. Samrah that he said:

. بيأَلْ ي ف يدينَارٍ يفي ث وَْبييه ي حينَ جَهَّزَ النَّيبُِّ )جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ إيلَى النَّيبِِّ مَا « : ي قَُلِّ بُ هَا بييَ ي دهي وَي قَُولُ فَجَعَلَ النَّيبُِّ جَيْشَ الْعُسْرَةي قَالَ فَصَ بَّ هَا يفي ي حجْير النَّيبِِّ ي رَُدِّدُهَا يمرَارًا( » ضَرَّ ابْنَ عَفَّانَ مَا عَمِلَ بَ عْدَ الْيَ وْمِ “ .

奥斯曼在准备“困难之军”（塔布克战役）时，带着一千第纳尔来到先知（ﷺ）面前，把它们倒在先知（ﷺ）的怀里。他说，先知（ﷺ）开始翻动这些钱币，并说：“从今天起，奥斯曼所做的任何事都不会伤害他”，他重复了多次。先知（ﷺ）有时还亲自把这些钱分开。这段圣训由布哈里从艾奈斯处转述。

‘Uthman came to the Prophet (phuh) with one thousand dinars when he prepared the Army of the Hardship (Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (phuh) . He said the Prophet (phuh) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he repeated it many times”. He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas:

. يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ ... فَ لَمَّا قَضَى أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « وَثَمَّ الصَّلاةَ جَاءَ فَجَلَسَ إيلَيْيه، فَمَا كَانَ ي رََى أَحَدًا إيلاَّ أَعْطَاهُ ... فَمَا قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه » يمنْ هَا يدرْهَمٌ.

“巴林的资财被送到先知（ﷺ）那里。他说：‘把它们铺散在清真寺里。’他礼完拜，便坐在它们旁边，凡是他看见的人，都给了他一些……当安拉的使者（ﷺ）站起来时，那些资财中已不剩一枚迪拉姆。”

“Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (phuh) . He said ‘spread them out in the mosque’. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him… when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) stood up, there was not a single dirham left with them”.

艾布·伯克尔(ra)亲自负责分配来自巴林的财物。布哈里传述,贾比尔说:

Abu Bakr (ra) took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir who said:

. لَوْ قَدْ جَاءَنِي مَ الُ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، لَقَدْ أَعْطَي تُكَ هَكَذَا « : )قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه فَ لَمَّا جَاءَ مَالُ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن أَمَرَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ، فَ لَمْ يَ يَئْ حَ تََّّ قُبيضَ النَّيبُِّ ،» وَهَكَذَا وَهَكَذَا دَيْنٌ أَوْ ي عدَةٌ فَ لْيَ أْتينَا، فَأَتَ يْ تُهُ فَ قُلْتُ: إينَّ مُنَايديًا فَ نَادَى: مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ ي عنْدَ رَسُويل اللَّيه قَالَ: يلَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَحَثَا يلَ ثَلاَثاً ...( رَسُولَ اللَّيه “ .

真主的使者ﷺ说:“如果有来自巴林的财物,我会这样、这样、这样地给你。”真主的使者ﷺ去世后,来自巴林的财物到了,艾布·伯克尔命人呼喊:“凡是有真主的使者ﷺ欠他债务或有所许诺的人,都来找我们。”我便去找他,说:“真主的使者ﷺ曾说:‘给我这样、这样。’”于是他给了我(钱)三次……

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘If funds come from Bahrain, I will give you thus and thus and thus. When the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) died and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) let him come to us. I went to him and said: the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me (of money) three times...’”.

在上述关于苏夫扬·塞给菲所讲的那则有关他拾得皮袋并告知欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）的传述中，欧麦尔将它拿去，放入了公库（Bayt Al-Mal）。沙斐仪在《乌姆》（Al-Umm）中记载：“多位学者告诉我们，伊拉克的战利品送到欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜那里时，公库的保管人对他说：‘让我把它们存入公库吧。’他说：‘不！以天房的主发誓，在我分配之前，它不会被存放在任何房屋里。’于是他下令把它放在清真寺里，上面铺上皮垫，并让来自迁士和辅士的人看守。第二天早上，阿拔斯·本·阿卜杜勒·穆塔利卜和阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·本·奥夫与他一同出来，他或是握着其中一人的手，或是被其中一人握着手。他们看到他时，便掀开了覆盖在财物上的皮垫。于是他看到了他从未见过的景象：他看到金子、蓝宝石、水晶和珍珠闪闪发光，便哭了起来。其中一人对他说：‘以真主发誓！今天不是哭泣的日子，而是赞美和喜悦的日子。’他说：‘以真主发誓！我不是你们那样想的。这样的财物在任何民族中增多，只会在他们之间带来祸害。’然后他转向天房的方向，举起双手说：‘我的主啊！我求你保护我，免受诱惑，因为我听到你（真主至高）说：”

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“但那些否认我们的迹象的人，我们将渐渐引导他们（走向毁灭），而他们却不知道。”（TMQ 7:183）然后他说："苏拉喀·伊本·贾沙姆在哪里？"他被带到他面前，他的手臂上长着毛，且细瘦。他把克斯拉的两个手镯给了他，说："戴上它们。"他便戴上了。然后他说："真主至大。"他说："真主至大。"他又说："赞美真主，是祂从克斯拉·伊本·希尔米兹那里夺走了这些，并让贝都因人、来自麦德莱智部族的苏拉喀·伊本·贾沙姆穿戴上了它们。"他开始用一根棍子翻动财物，说："确实，那个交出这些的人是诚实的。"有人对他说："让我告诉您，您是真主的受托人（阿敏），而他们向您交付的，正是他们向真主交付的。所以，如果您隐瞒，他们也会隐瞒。"他说："你说得对。"然后他便将其分发了出去。我们之前还提到了达里米所记载的伊本·阿慕尔的传述：一名仆人在奥斯曼时期去世，没有亲属。于是他下令将其财产交入公库（拜特·马利）。此外，还有阿努斯·伊本·西林在《伊斯提兹卡尔》中的记载：阿里过去会分配财物，直到公库空了，然后他会洗净它，并坐在里面（即坐在地上）。

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

真主的使者常常会委派他的某位同伴主持资财的分配，或者委派他负责资财中的某些事务。布哈里传述了来自欧格白的一段圣训：真主的使者说：«我想起我们那里还有一些金块，我不喜欢它留在我这里拖累我，所以我吩咐把它分掉。»

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes appoint one of his companions to preside over the division of the funds, or he used to appoint him over some of the issues of the funds. Al-Bukhari reported a narration from ‘Uqbah that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: .» ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ « .

“我想起家中有一块黄金，我不喜欢它分散我对崇拜安拉的专注，所以我已下令将它分发（作为施舍）。”这段记述来自伊本·沙哈卜，由伊本·艾布·沙伊巴传述，其传述链被阿卜杜拉·伊本·哈哲尔·阿斯卡拉尼、穆恩齐里和海赛米认为是哈桑（良好）等级的。

“I remembered a piece of gold Lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity).”The narration of Ibn Shihab, as reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah through a narration considered Hasan by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqalani, Al- Mundhiri and Al-Haythami says:

. دَخَلَ ي خزَانَةَ بيلاَلٍ الَّيتِ يَضَعُ فييهَا الصَّدَقَا ي ت، فَ وَجَدَ فييهَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ الله ي « صُبْ رَةً يمنْ تََْرٍ، فَ قَالَ: مَا هَذَا التَّمْرُ يَا بِلاَلُ ؟ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهي، أَخَذْت هَُا لينَ وَائيبيكَ. قَالَ : أَفَأَمِنْتَ أَنْ تُصْبِحَ وَلَهَا فِي جَهَنَّمَ بُخَارٌ ؟ أَنْفِقْ وَلاَ تَخْشَ مِنْ ذِي الْعَرْشِ إَقْلاَلاً أَوْ » إِقْ تَار اً .

“使者ﷺ进入了毕拉勒的储藏处，那里存放着施舍之物（Sadaqah，慈善）。他发现里面有一堆椰枣，便说：‘毕拉勒啊，这些椰枣是什么？’他说：‘真主的使者啊，我把它留着，以备您困难之时之用。’他ﷺ说：‘你难道不担心，有一天醒来发现它在火狱中冒着烟吗？你要施舍，不要害怕财物减少，也不要吝啬，因为那是宝座的主所赐予的。’” 另有一段传述：“在真主的使者ﷺ在世时，阿卜杜·拉赫曼·本·奥夫负责骆驼和羊的施舍，毕拉勒负责水果的施舍，而马赫米亚·本·朱兹负责使者ﷺ及其家属所应得的五分之一。”哈利法说：“毕拉勒负责为使者ﷺ的开支。”

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) entered the safe of Bilal in which he put the Sadaqah (charity) and found in it a heap of dates, so he said, ‘What are these dates, O Bilal?’ He said ‘O Messenger of Allah, I took it for your hard times.’ He said, ‘Do you feel safe from waking up and finding it fume in Hell? Spend and do not fear reduction or stinginess from the Owner of the Throne.’” And also in the narration: “Abd al Rahman b. ‘Awf used to take charge of the Sadaqah of camels and sheep at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , and Bilal used to take charge of the Sadaqah of fruits; while Mahmiyyah Ibn Juz’ used to take charge of the fifth (of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and his household)”. And Khalifah said: “And Bilal was responsible for his expenses”.

伊本·罕班在其《沙希哈》中引述了阿卜杜拉·本·拉希耶·胡扎尼的话，他说："我遇见了真主使者（愿主福安之）的穆安津比拉勒，我问他：'比拉勒啊！真主的使者（愿主福安之）的开销是多少？'他回答说：'他没有任何财产。自他被派为使者直到去世之日，这件事都由我负责。如果有穆斯林来到他面前，他看到那人衣着不整，就命令我赶紧去借些钱，为他买一件外袍穿上，并给他提供食物。'" 穆斯林引述了真主使者（愿主福安之）的仆人阿布·拉菲的话，他说：

Ibn Hibban reported in his Sahih from ‘Abd Allah b. Lahya Al-Huzani, who said: “I met with Bilal, the Mu’adhin of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said, ‘O Bilal! How much were the expenses of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ He replied, ‘He did not have anything. I was the one that took care of that since he was sent as a Messenger till the day he passed away. If a Muslim came to him and he saw him not dressed he ordered me to rush and borrow some money so as to buy him a cloak to dress him and also feed him’”. Muslim reported from Abu Rafi‘, the servant of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , who said:

اسْ تَسْلَفَ مِنْ رَجُلٍ بَكْرًا، فَ قَدِمَتْ عَلَيْهِ إِبِلٌ مِنْ إِبِلِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « الصَّدَقَةِ، فَأَمَرَ أَبَا رَافِعٍ أَنْ يَ قْضِيَ الرَّجُلَ بَكْرَه ، فَ رَجَعَ إيلَيْيه أَبُو رَافيعٍ فَ قَالَ: لََْ أَ ي جدْ فييهَا إيلاَّ » ي خيَارًا رَبَا ي عيًا، فَ قَالَ: أَعْطِهِ إِيَّاهُ، إِنَّ خِيَارَ النَّاسِ أَحْسَ نُ هُمْ قَضَاء .

安拉的使者ﷺ曾借了一头幼驼。之后，他收到了一些天课骆驼。他吩咐阿布·拉菲仇归还那人的幼驼。阿布·拉菲仇说：我在骆驼中只找到一头四岁的好骆驼。安拉的使者ﷺ说：把它给他吧，因为最好的人就是还债最好的人。

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) borrowed a young camel. Then he received some camels of the Sadaqah. He ordered Abu Rafi‘ to repay the man his young camel. I said: I did not find in the camels except a four year old good camel. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: give it to him, for the best people are those who are best in repayment”.

It is also mentioned in the narration of Ibn Abbas, which is agreed upon: That when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Mu’adh to Yemen, he said: ليمُعَايذ بْ ي ن جَبَلٍ ي حينَ ب عََثَهُ إيلَى الْيَمَ ي ن: ... فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهي « لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَ رَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُ ؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ فَ تُ رَدُّ عَلَى فُ قَرَائِهِمْ، فَإِنْ هُ مْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِيَّاكَ وَكَرَائِمَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْ لُومِ فَإِنَّهُ » لَيْسَ بَ يْ نَهُ وَبَ يْنَ اللهِ حِجَابٌ .

“如果他们在此服从你，就告诉他们，安拉已为他们规定了每日每夜的五次拜功。如果他们在此服从你，就告诉他们，安拉已使他们有义务缴纳天课，天课取自他们中的富人，分给他们中的穷人。如果他们在此服从你，那么你就不要拿取他们最好的财产，并且要警惕受压迫者的祈祷，因为他的祈祷与安拉之间没有任何帷幕。”这段圣训also由穆斯林（圣训学家）记录，传自艾布·胡莱赖（Abu Hurayrah）。 Note: the original has no mention of the Prophet, so no ﷺ is added here.

“And if they obey you in that, tell them that Allah has enjoined on them five prayers in each day and night. And if they obey you in that tell them that Allah has made it obligatory on them to pay the Zakat which will be taken from the rich among them and given to the poor among them. If they obey you in that, then avoid taking the best of their possessions, and be afraid of the invocation of an oppressed person because there is no screen between his invocation and Allah”. It is also reported in Muslim from Abu Hurayrah.

. » عُمَرَ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ بَ عَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « .

“先知穆罕默德ﷺ派遣欧麦尔去收取天课(Sadaqah)”

“that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Umar to collect the Sadaqah”.

正统的哈里发们遵循他的做法,因此他们会指派其他人来管理财库事务。伊本·伊斯哈格和哈利法说:"艾布·伯克尔任命艾布·欧拜代·本·哲拉赫掌管公库(Bayt Al-Mal),之后又派他前往沙姆。"adh-Dhahabi在评述穆阿耶盖卜的生平时说:"艾布·伯克尔和欧麦尔任命他掌管公库。"伊本·凯西尔在《开端与终结》(Al-Bidayah wa 'l-Nihayah)中,引述阿卜杜拉·本·祖拜尔的话说:"安拉的使者ﷺ以阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔加姆·本·阿卜杜·雅古ษ为书记,他代表使者ﷺ回复各国君主。据称他曾命令其书写致某些君主的信函,并因对其信任而在他所念的信件上盖印。他还写信给艾布·伯克尔,并让他负责公库,欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜对此表示同意。"伊本·萨阿德在《层级志》(Al-Tabaqat)中,伊本·哈哲尔在《伊苏巴》(Al-'Isabah)中记载,欧麦尔(愿安拉喜悦之)的财务官是他的仆人雅萨尔·本·努迈尔。艾哈迈德在《圣训集》(Musnad)中,阿卜杜·拉扎格在《穆萨奈夫》(Al-Musannaf)中,转述拉希格·本·哈米德的话:"他派伊本·麦斯欧德掌管司法与公库",指的是派往库法。哈利法转述马立克·本·艾奈斯从宰德·本·阿斯拉姆处的传述:"欧麦尔任命阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔加姆掌管公库。"伊本·胡宰麦在其《圣训真本》(Sahih)中转述欧尔沃·本·祖拜尔的话:"阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·本·阿卜杜·卡里说:'欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜在位时,我负责公库。'"伊本·哈哲尔在《法特赫》(Al-Fateh)中论及阿卜杜拉·本·麦斯欧德的美德时说:"欧麦尔和奥斯曼任命他在库法掌管公库。"贾赫沙雅里在《宰相与书记》(Al-Wuzara' wa 'l-Kuttab)中记载:"阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔加姆·本·阿卜杜·雅古ษ,先知ﷺ的书记之一,曾为他管理公库",指的是奥斯曼(愿安拉喜悦之)。 Al-Hakim 在《Al-Mustadrak》中引述 Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakkar 的话说：“‘Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth 在 Umar 时期以及 Uthman 执政之初，直至去世，都负责管理 Bayt Al-Mal（国库）；他也曾与 Messenger 相伴。” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr 在《Al-Isti’ab》中说：“Zaid Ibn Thabit 在 Uthman 的哈里发时期负责管理 Bayt Al-Mal。Zaid 有一个名叫 Wahib 的奴隶，Uthman 看到他在国库中帮忙，便问：‘这是谁？’Zayd 答道：‘是我的奴隶。’Uthman 说：‘我看到他在为穆斯林服务，他也应当享有一份权利，我为他拨给一份。’于是他为他拨给了两千。Zayd 说：‘以真主起誓，你不能为一个奴隶拨给两千。’于是他又改为拨给一千。” Al-Sadfi 在关于埃及学者及进入埃及的 Messenger of Allah ﷺ 的同伴的书中提到：“此后，Abu Rafi‘ 被推荐给 ‘Ali b. Abi Talib，于是他让他负责 Kufa 的 Bayt Al-Mal。” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr 在《Al-Isti’ab》中说：“‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ 是 ‘Ali 的财务官和秘书。” Al-‘Ayni 在《‘Umdat Al-Qari'》中提到：“‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i，‘Ali 敬重他、喜爱他并信任他，于是让他负责 Kufa 的 Bayt Al-Mal。” ‘Ali 任命 Ziyad 负责 Basra。Al-Jahshiyari 说：“当他离开 Basra 时，他让他负责 Al-Kharaj 和 Diwan。” 国库（Bayt Al-Mal）可以分为两部分：

The Righteous Khulafaa’ followed him in his method, so they used to appoint some other people to run the affairs of funds. Ibn Ishaq and Khalifah said: “Abu Bakr appointed Abu ‘Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah in charge of Bayt Al-Mal, and then he sent him to Al-Sham”. Al-Dhahabi said commenting on the life of Mu’ayqib that “Abu Bakr and Umar appointed him in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. In Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidayah wa ‘l- Nihayah he mentioned from ‘Abd Allah b. Zubayr “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used ‘Abd Allah b. Al-Arqam b. ‘Abdu Yaghuth as a scribe, and he used to reply to the Kings on his behalf, and it was mentioned that he used to order him to write to some of the Kings and would stamp what he read to him due to the trust he had with him, and he wrote to Abu Bakr and made him responsible for the Bayt Al-Mal and Umar b. Al-Khattab consented to that”. Ibn Sa‘d narrated in Al-Tabaqat and Ibn Hajar in Al-‘Isabah that the treasurer of Umar (ra) was his servant Yasar Ibn Numayr. Ahmad in his Musnad and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in Al- Musannaf reported from Lahiq b. Hamid that he said, “And he sent Ibn Mas‘ud in charge of judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal”, meaning to Kufa. Khalifah reported from Malik Ibn Anas from Zayd b. Aslam that “Umar appointed ‘Abd Allah b. Arqam in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. Ibn Khuzymah reported in his Sahih from ‘Urwah b. Al-Zubaiyr that “‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Abd Al-Qari said, ‘I was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar b. Al-Khattab”. Ibn Hajar narrated in Al-Fateh in the context of speaking about the virtues of ‘Abd Allah b. Mas‘ud: “And he was appointed by Umar and ‘Uthman in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. Al-Jahshayari mentioned in Al-Wuzara’ wa ’l-Kuttab “that ‘Abdullah b. Arqam Ibn ‘Abdu Yaghuth, one of the scribes of the Prophet (phuh), used to run the Bayt Al-Mal to him”, meaning to ‘Uthman (ra). Al-Hakim mentioned in Al-Mustadrak from Al- Zubayr Ibn Bakkar that, “Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth was in charge of Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar and the beginning of the authority of Uthman till he passed away; and he had some companionship (with the Messenger)”. Ibn ‘Abd Al- Barr said in Al-Isti’ab: “Zaid Ibn Thabit was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal during the Khilafah of Uthman; Zaid used to have a slave called Wahib, Uthman saw him helping them in the Bayt Al-Mal, so he said: ‘Who is this?’ Zayd replied, ‘A slave to me.’ Uthman said, ‘I see that he helps the Muslims, and he is entitled for a right, and I allocate it to him.’ So he allocated to him two thousand. Zayd said, ‘By Allah, you cannot allocate two thousand to a slave’, so he allocated to him one thousand”. Al-Sadfi mentioned in the book about the scholars of Egypt and the companions of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) who entered it: “Abu Rafi‘ was referred after that to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, so he put him in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Al-Kufa”. Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr said in Al- Isti’ab: “‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ was a treasurer and secretary to ‘Ali”. Al-‘Ayni mentioned in ‘Umdat Al-Qari': “‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali used to honour him, love him and trust him, so he was put in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. ‘Ali appointed Ziyad in charge of Basra. Al-Jahshiyari said: “When he left Basra, he placed him in charge of Al-Kharaj and Diwan". The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) can be divided into two parts:

收入:它包括三个登记册(Diwan):

Revenues: It includes three registers (Diwan):

•战利品与哈拉吉税的登记册：这包括战争缴获物、哈拉吉税、土地、人头税（吉兹亚）、战利品以及各类赋税。

• The register of the booty and Kharaj: This includes the spoils of war, Kharaj, lands, Jizya, booties and taxes.

公共财产登记册：包括石油、天然气、电力、矿产、海洋、河流、湖泊、泉水、森林、牧场以及Hima（保护地）。

• The register of the public property: This includes oil, gas, electricity, minerals, seas, rivers, lakes, springs, forests, pastures and Hima (protected lands).

• 施舍登记册：这包括金钱、商品、农作物和水果、骆驼、牛和羊的天课。

• The register of Sadaqah: This includes Zakah of money, merchandise, harvest and fruits, camels, cows and sheep.

支出:包括八个登记簿:

Expenditure: This includes eight registers:

• 哈里发国（Dar Al-Khilafah）的登记册。 • 国家事务登记册。

• The register of the Dar Al-Khilafah. • The register of the State’s services.

14 国库(Bayt al-Mal)

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