3.2 权威属于乌玛
3.2 The authority belongs to the Ummah
“权威属于乌玛”这一原则,源自伊斯兰教法的一条规定:哈里发的任命是乌玛的权利,哈里发只有通过接受效忠(Bay'ah)才能就任其职并行使权力。这一点的依据已在许多圣训中明确阐明。穆斯林辑录了来自阿卜杜拉·伊本·萨米特的传述,他说:先知ﷺ说:
The principle that the authority belongs to the Ummah is taken from the Shari’ah rule that states that the appointment of the Khaleefah is the right of the Ummah and that the Khaleefah can only take up his post and exercises his authority by taking a Bay’ah. The evidence for this has been clearly demonstrated in many Ahadith. Muslim narrated from ‘Ubadah Ibn us-Samit, he (pbuh) said:
“我们向安拉的使者ﷺ宣誓效忠,承诺在顺境和逆境中都听从并服从。”以及来自贾利尔·伊本·阿卜杜拉的话,他说:
“We gave Bay’ah to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to hear and to obey in ease and hardship.” And from Jarir Ibn ‘Abdullah, who said:
“我向安拉的使者(愿主福安之)宣誓效忠,承诺聆听并服从,并且为每一位穆斯林进行劝诫。”艾布·胡莱赖传述:安拉的使者ﷺ说道:
“I gave Bay’ah to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to listen and obey and give advice to every Muslim”. Abu Hurayrah reported that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:
“三种人,真主(SWT)在复活日不会与他们说话,也不会称许他们,他们将遭受严厉的惩罚:一是路上有多余的水,却禁止旅人取用的人;二是只为了今世的利益才向伊玛目宣誓效忠的人,如果伊玛目给了他想要的,他就履行誓约,否则就不履行;三是在晡礼之后(即一天的末尾)推销货物的人,他发誓说此物曾卖到某某价格,买家因此相信他并买下了它,而实际上他并没有卖到那个价格。”[布哈里和穆斯林辑录] 因此,穆斯林是向哈里发宣誓效忠(Bay'ah),而不是哈里发向穆斯林宣誓效忠。是他们向哈里发宣誓效忠,即他们任命他为统治者。正统哈里发们从乌玛那里获得效忠宣誓;只有在乌玛向他们宣誓效忠之后,他们才成为哈里发。至于哈里发仅凭此效忠宣誓而获得权威的证据,这在关于服从的圣训以及关于哈里发制度统一的圣训中是很明确的。穆斯林辑录,阿卜杜拉·伊本·阿慕尔·伊本·阿斯(愿真主喜悦他们)传述,使者(愿主福安之)说: