十字军的仇恨
41 The Crusaders’ Hatred
法国著名学者亨利·德卡斯特里伯爵在1896年出版的《伊斯兰教》一书中写道:
One of the French learned writers Count Henri Decastri wrote in his book entitled ‘Islam’ in 1896,
“我无法想象,穆斯林若听到中世纪的那些故事,并明白当时的基督教演说家在颂歌中究竟说了些什么,他们会作何感想。我们所有的颂歌,甚至包括十二世纪以前产生的那些,都源于同一种观念,而这种观念正是十字军东征的根源。这些颂歌充满了对穆斯林的仇恨,其原因在于人们对他们的宗教完全无知。由于这些颂歌和歌曲,对该宗教的憎恶牢牢固定在人们的心中,错误的观念根深蒂固,其中一些至今仍在流传。当时人人都视穆斯林为多神论者、不信道者、拜偶像者和叛教者。”
“I cannot imagine what the Muslims would say if they heard the tales of the mediaeval ages and understood what the Christian orators used to say in their hymns; all our hymns even those which emerged before the 12th century emanated from one concept which was the cause of the crusades, these hymns were filled with hatred towards the Muslims due to the total ignorance of their religion. As a result of those hymns and songs, hatred against that religion became fixed in people’s minds, and the erroneous ideas deeply rooted, some of which are still carried nowadays. Everyone used to regard the Muslims as polytheists, disbelievers, idol worshippers and apostates.”.
这就是欧洲基督教神职人员描述穆斯林及其宗教的方式。中世纪的种种指控极其可怖,它们被用来煽动对穆斯林的仇恨与敌意。基督教世界因此受到影响,十字军东征由此爆发。这场持续了两个世纪的战争,以基督徒的失败和屈辱告终。到了15世纪,当伊斯兰国进入君士坦丁堡时,穆斯林开始重新征服西方。随后在16世纪,穆斯林横扫欧洲南部和东部,把伊斯兰教传播给当地各族人民。在这一过程中,阿尔巴尼亚、南斯拉夫、保加利亚等国的数百万居民皈依了伊斯兰教。十字军式的敌意再度被唤起,东方学的观念也随之兴起。当时的东方学主要关注如何抵抗穆斯林军队、遏止伊斯兰的征服,并减轻穆斯林带来的威胁。
This is how the Christian clergy in Europe described the Muslims and their Deen. The allegations in the mediaeval ages were horrible and these were used to incite the feelings of hatred and animosity against the Muslims. The Christian world became affected and the crusader wars took place. After lasting two centuries resulting in the defeat and the humiliation of the Christians, the Muslims began to reconquer the West in the 15th century when the Islamic State entered Constantinople. Then in the 16th century the Muslims swept across southern and eastern Europe and carried Islam to its peoples. Millions of the inhabitants of Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and other countries embraced Islam in the process. Once again the crusader animosity was revived and the Orientalist concept emerged, which was concerned at the time with resisting the Muslim armies, halting the Islamic conquest and lessening the threat of the Muslims.
这种深植于欧洲人心中的敌意,促使欧洲所有基督徒以科学和文化的名义,将传教士派往穆斯林地区。传教活动采取了学校、诊所、协会和俱乐部的形式。欧洲人为传教工作投入了几乎无限的资源和巨大的努力。尽管他们在政策和利益上存在分歧,仍然联合起来,统一了各自的努力与方法。由于这项传教工作由他们的领事、大使、代表和传教士共同开展,各国民众和政府都团结在这一努力之后。
This deeply rooted animosity in the minds and hearts of the Europeans prompted all Christians in Europe to send their missionaries to the Muslim land in the name of science and culture. The missions took the shape of schools, clinics, associations and clubs. The Europeans devoted almost unlimited resources and huge efforts to the missionary work. They combined their efforts and methodology despite their differences in policy and interests. People and states were united behind the missionary effort since it was conducted by their consuls, ambassadors, delegates and missionaries.
西方人,尤其是欧洲人,尤其是英国人,心中蕴藏的十字军式仇恨,以及他们根深蒂固的敌意和恶毒的怨恨,是我们最终在家园蒙受屈辱的原因。1917年,艾伦比将军进入耶路撒冷时说道:
The crusader hatred harbored by the Westerners, especially in Europe and more so by Britain, and their deeply rooted animosity and wicked malice were the cause of our eventual humiliation in our homeland. General Allenby said in 1917 when he entered al-Quds,
“今天,十字军东征才刚刚结束。”
“Only today the crusades have ended.”.
这仅仅是他内心真实感受的流露。它反映了他所怀有的仇恨与恶意,同样的话也可以用在每一位在文化和军事战役中与穆斯林作战的欧洲人身上。安拉(SWT)说,
This was simply a genuine expression of what he really felt. It reflected the hatred and malice he harbored and the same could be said about every European that fought in the battles - cultural and military - against the Muslims, and Allah (swt) says,
“仇恨早已从他们的口中流露出来,他们胸中所藏的更为严重。”{《阿拉·伊姆兰》3:118}
“Hatred has already appeared from their mouths, what their breasts conceal is far worse.” [Al-’Imran 3:118].
诚然,艾伦比所说的话极其可憎,而他的国家英国所怀藏的,无疑更甚。这一点对每一位欧洲人而言,都是不言自明的。
What Allenby said was indeed most loathsome, and what his country, Britain, harbored was even greater without a doubt; this goes without saying for every European.
这种恶意与仇恨自十字军东征时代便已存在,至今仍在延续。我们所面临的压迫、羞辱、殖民与剥削——除政治层面之外——实际上是对穆斯林的一种残酷报复。确实,这是专门针对穆斯林的。
This malice and hatred has existed ever since the days of the crusades and it is still perpetuated today. What we face in terms of oppression, humiliation, colonization and exploitation - in addition to the political aspect - is in fact an act of brutal revenge on the Muslims. Indeed it is particular to the Muslims.
Leopold Weiss 在他的著作《Islam at the Crossroads》中写道:
Leopold Weiss wrote in his book Islam at the Crossroads,
“诚然,文艺复兴,即欧洲科学与艺术的复兴,而欧洲在此方面极大地受益于伊斯兰与阿拉伯的典籍,过去人们曾将其归因于东西方之间的物质交流。欧洲确实从伊斯兰世界获益良多,但它从未承认或感激这份恩惠,也从未通过缓和对伊斯兰的仇恨来表示感谢;事实上,这种仇恨在岁月中愈加强烈、愈加深重,有时甚至达到难以控制的程度。这种仇恨渗透进大众的情感之中,每当提到“穆斯林”一词便会被触发。它逐渐成为他们大众遗产的一部分,最终扎根于每一个欧洲男女的心灵与思想之中;更令人惊讶的是,即便经历了文化变迁的各个阶段,它依然存续。随后到来的是宗教改革时代,欧洲分裂为诸多教派,各派彼此对峙,全副武装,随时准备开战;然而,每一教派之内对伊斯兰的敌意却始终如一。不久之后,宗教热情逐渐消退,但对伊斯兰的仇恨依然一如既往地强烈。法国哲学家与诗人伏尔泰便是一个明显的例子:他虽是十八世纪基督教与教会的死敌,却同时表达了对伊斯兰及伊斯兰的使者ﷺ的仇恨与傲慢。几十年后,西方知识分子开始探索异国文化,并以某种同情与开放的态度看待它们,然而一旦涉及伊斯兰,旧有的轻蔑便以一种异常而带有派系色彩的方式渗入他们的学术研究之中;历史在欧洲与伊斯兰世界之间挖掘出的巨大鸿沟始终未能弥合,于是,对伊斯兰的蔑视便成为欧洲思维方式中不可分割的一部分。”
“Verily the renaissance, or the revival of science and European arts which owed a great deal to Islamic and Arabic sources, used to be attributed to the material contact between East and West. Europe has indeed benefited a great deal from the Islamic world, but she never acknowledged or recognized this favor, nor did she show any gratitude by easing her hatred to Islam, in fact this hatred grew stronger and deeper over the years and at times reached uncontrollable proportions. This hatred engulfed the popular feeling and was triggered each time the word Muslim was mentioned. The hatred became a part of their popular heritage until it took root in the heart and mind of every European man and woman, and more astonishing though was that it remained alive even after all the stages of cultural change that took place. Then came the era of religious reform, when Europe became divided into sects, and each sect stood in the face of other sects, armed to the teeth, ready for battle; however, animosity towards Islam remained the same within every sect. Soon after, a time came when religious fervor diminished but the hatred of Islam remained as strong as ever, a clear example of this was delivered by the French philosopher and poet Voltaire, although he was an arch enemy of Christianity and the Church in the 18th century, he also was at the same time expressing his feelings of hatred and arrogance towards Islam and the Messenger of Islam; after a few decades, there came a time when the Western intellectuals began exploring foreign cultures and looked upon them with some kind of sympathy and openmindedness, however when it came to Islam, the traditional disdain began infiltrating their scientific researches in an extraordinary factional way; and the wide gap which history dug up between Europe and the Islamic world remained unbridged, then the contempt for Islam became an integral part of the European mentality.”.
正是基于这一基础,上文提到的传教协会得以建立。它们的目的是传播基督教,并在穆斯林心中散布对其宗教的怀疑,从而使他们在内心轻视自己的宗教,并把自身的失败归咎于它。
It was on this basis that the missionary associations mentioned above were established. Their aim was to preach the Christian religion and to arouse suspicions in the Muslims about their Deen, thereby leading them to hold it in disdain within their hearts and to blame their own failures on it.
另一方面,这些社团的目的也带有政治性,无论在哪一方面,其后果实际上都极为可怕,并达到了出人意料的程度。传教运动的建立,其基础是通过诋毁伊斯兰教来消灭它,在它及其律法上制造问题和疑虑,以便在人们与真主(SWT)的道路之间设置障碍,使穆斯林疏离他们的宗教。在这些传教运动背后,则是东方学运动,它们有着相同的目标和完全一致的宗旨。
On the other hand, the aim of the associations was also political and the consequences were in fact horrendous on both accounts until they reached unexpected proportions. The missionary movements were founded on the basis of wiping out Islam by libeling it, by creating problems and misgivings about it and about its rules, in order to come between the people and the way of Allah (swt), and to alienate Muslims from their Deen. Behind these missionary movements came the Orientalist movements who had the same target and the very same objective.
整个欧洲集中力量与资源,对伊斯兰发动了第二次十字军东征;这一次是文化战争,他们歪曲伊斯兰教法与伊斯兰崇高的价值观,以此毒害人心,并借科学研究与科学公正之名,向年轻的穆斯林灌输关于伊斯兰及穆斯林历史的种种指控,毒害他们的思想。事实上,这种文化毒药比十字军战争更加危险。传教士们打着科学与人道的旗号,散布他们那些肮脏的毒素。他们常常以东方学的名义进行这些活动。正如韦斯所言,
Efforts and resources were unified throughout the whole of Europe and a crusade was waged against Islam for the second time; this time it was a cultural war which poisoned the mind by what they had distorted from the Islamic laws and Islam’s high values, the poisoning of the young Muslim minds by what they alleged about Islam and the history of the Muslims in the name of scientific research and scientific fairness. It was in reality the cultural venom which was far more dangerous than the crusader wars. The missionaries carried out the spreading of their poisonous filth in the name of science and humanity. They used to do it in the name of Orientalism. As Weiss stated,
“事实是,近代最早的东方学家是在穆斯林国家工作的基督教传教士。他们所捏造的歪曲图景,据称取自伊斯兰的教义与历史,被精心设计,以确保引发负面反应,并影响欧洲舆论,使其敌视拜偶像者,即穆斯林。然而,即便东方学研究已经摆脱了传教士的影响,剥离了东方学中可能误导它的一切宗教狂热与无知,这种扭曲的观念依然延续下来。至于东方学家对伊斯兰的敌意,这是一种世代相承的本能,也是源自十字军战争影响的天然特质。”
“The reality is that the first Orientalist of modern times were Christian missionaries working in the Muslim countries, the distorted picture they fabricated allegedly from Islamic teachings and history was expertly designed to guarantee a negative reaction and influence the European opinion towards the idol worshippers, i.e. the Muslims; however this twisted concept continued despite the fact that Orientalist studies had been liberated from the missionary influence, stripping the Orientalism from any religious and ignorant fervor that would misguide it. As for the Orientalist’ hostility to Islam, this was an inherited instinct and a natural characteristic derived from the effects of the crusader wars.”.
这种世代相传的敌意,正是西方人对穆斯林怀有仇恨的根源。它把伊斯兰描绘成一个吓人的怪物,甚至在穆斯林国家中也是如此,无论穆斯林还是非穆斯林,都被灌输这样一种看法:伊斯兰是要摧毁人类进步的恶魔。事实上,这是为了掩盖他们对伊斯兰真实的恐惧,因为他们清楚,如果伊斯兰深深扎根于民众的心灵与思想之中,那就意味着不信道的殖民强国对伊斯兰世界的霸权将告终结,伊斯兰国将重新回归,再次担负起向世界传播伊斯兰讯息的使命。事实上,它必将回归,如果真主意欲,为了人类,也为了西方自身。传教士的工作最终将转化为他们的悲痛与忧伤。真主(SWT)说:
This inherited animosity is the one that supports the hatred in the hearts of Westerners against the Muslims. It is the one that portrays Islam, even in Muslim countries, to Muslims and non-Muslims as being the bogeyman, or this demon which would destroy the progress of humanity. This is in fact to conceal their real fear of Islam, for they know that if Islam were deeply implanted in the hearts and minds of the people it would signal the end of the hegemony of the disbelieving colonial powers over the Islamic world and the return of the Islamic State to once again resume the carrying of the Message of Islam to the world - and indeed it will return Insha’Allah - for the sake of humanity and the West itself. The work of the missionaries would eventually turn into grief and sorrow for them; Allah (swt) says,
“真的,那些不信道的人,花费他们的财产来阻止人们走真主的道路。他们将继续这样花费,但最终这些财产将成为他们的懊悔与痛苦。”【安法勒章 8:36】
“Verily, those who disbelieve spend their wealth to hinder (people) from the path of Allah, and so will they continue to spend it; but in the end it will become an anguish for them.” [Al-Anfal, 8:36].
这种世代相传的敌意,正是支撑任何反伊斯兰运动的根源。你会发现,西方学者研究道教、印度教、佛教或共产主义时,毫无仇恨或偏见;而一旦他转向研究伊斯兰,恶意、仇恨和轻蔑便很快显露出来,尽管穆斯林已被殖民主义的不信道者击败。西方教士在殖民主义者的支持下,至今仍积极策划反对伊斯兰,他们决不会停止诽谤伊斯兰和穆斯林,停止贬低穆罕默德ﷺ及其同伴,也不会停止在伊斯兰和穆斯林的历史中注入诽谤。这一切都是为了报复,并巩固殖民主义者的统治。
The inherited animosity is the one that supports any anti-Islamic movement. You will find the Western scholar researching Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, or Communism without any hatred or prejudice at all. Whereas, if he were to research Islam malice, hatred, and contempt would soon appear despite the fact that Muslims were defeated by the colonial disbelievers. The Western clergy, backed by the colonialists, still actively conspire against Islam and they will never abate from libeling Islam and the Muslims and from degrading Muhammad (pbuh) and his Companions, or from injecting slander into the history of Islam and of the Muslims. All this is to get their revenge and to strengthen the hold of the colonialists.