穆斯林人数少、装备差，却与古莱什人交战，并在第一场战役——白德尔之战中取得了胜利。这场胜利使古莱什人震惊至极，几乎失去理智。穆斯林战胜非穆斯林，也使麦地那境内犹太人的一切阴谋、诡计和内乱被消除；作为直接结果，一些犹太人被迫签订和约，另一些则被逐出麦地那。穆斯林的力量随之增强，但古莱什人从未停歇，并迅速着手准备复仇。次年的乌候德之战中，古莱什人果然得逞：守卫圣战者后方的穆斯林弓箭手，急于去收集战利品，违背了统帅的指令。古莱什人欣喜若狂，而穆斯林则悲痛而败北返回麦地那；尽管战后他们曾一直追击至哈姆拉·阿萨德（距麦地那约八英里）。

The Muslims, outnumbered and badly equipped, entered into warfare against the Quraysh clashing victoriously with them in their first battle, the battle of Badr. The result of this victory shook the Quraysh so violently that they almost lost their senses. The victory of the Muslims over the non-Muslims helped to kill off all the Jewish plots, schemes and civil strife inside Madinah, and as a direct result some Jews were forced to sign a peace treaty and others were expelled from Madinah. The might of the Muslims increased, but the Quraysh never rested and wasted no time in preparing for revenge. In the battle of Uhud, in the next year, the Quraysh managed just that, when the Muslim marksmen guarding the Mujahideen’s rear disobeyed the instructions of the leader in their haste to gather the spoils of war. The Quraysh were overjoyed, and the Muslims returned to Madinah heartbroken and defeated despite the fact that after the battle they gave chase up to Hamra’ al-Asad (about eight miles from Madinah).

这次穆斯林的失败产生了几方面的影响。穆斯林的权威被认为已经受到削弱,这引发了麦地那内部一些群体的动乱。许多原本在乌侯德战役之前绝不敢越轨的麦地那以外部落,也开始显露反叛的迹象。居住在麦地那以外的阿拉伯人开始考虑挑战穆罕默德ﷺ,麦地那境内的犹太人和伪信者也是如此,他们开始挑衅穆斯林。

The defeat of the Muslims had several repercussions. The authority of the Muslims was deemed to have been undermined, and it triggered sedition by groups within Madinah. Many tribes outside Madinah, who prior to Uhud would never have dared to step out of line, also showed signs of rebellion. The Arabs who lived outside Madinah began to think about challenging Muhammad (pbuh), as did the Jews and the hypocrites living within Madinah and they began to provoke the Muslims.

安拉的使者ﷺ急切地想了解敌人在麦地那内外的阴谋，以便加以应对。他ﷺ还旨在恢复穆斯林的地位、声望和力量，粉碎任何贬低或伤害穆斯林的企图。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was anxious to learn about his enemies’ machinations, inside and outside Madinah, in order to counter them. He (pbuh) also aimed to restore the standing, prestige and the might of the Muslims by crushing any attempt to belittle or harm them.

一个月后,即乌侯德战役之后,先知(愿主福安之)得到消息,说banu asad(部落)想袭击麦地那,掠夺城周围放牧的牛群。于是安拉的使者(愿主福安之)决定先发制人,在banu asad的据点中袭击他们,赶在他们袭击麦地那之前行动。他(愿主福安之)召见了阿布·萨拉马·伊本·阿卜杜·阿萨德,任命他为一支一百五十人的远征队的首领,其中有许多穆斯林最优秀的战士,如阿布·欧拜德·伊本·哲拉赫、萨阿德·伊本·艾比·瓦卡斯、乌赛德·伊本·胡代尔等人。为了保密任务并保持突袭的效果,安拉的使者(愿主福安之)命令他们夜间赶路、白天隐藏,并走与旅行者通常所走不同的路线。阿布·萨拉马出发,直到抵达banu asad的地界。黎明时分,他与部下包围了他们,然后一边呼召部下圣战,一边发起袭击。他们很快击败了banu asad,将其财物作为战利品,胜利而自豪地返回麦地那,从而重新树立了穆斯林的威望,并让所有人想起伊斯兰的伟大与权威。

One month after the battle of Uhud, news reached the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) that Banu Asad wanted to raid Madinah and loot the herds of cattle grazing around the city. So Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) decided to raid Banu Asad in their stronghold before they could get a chance to raid Madinah. This was to be a preemptive strike. He (pbuh) summoned Abu Salmah ibn ‘Abd al-Asad and appointed him at the head of an expedition of one hundred and fifty warriors, among whom were a great number of the best Muslim fighters like Abu Ubaydah ibn Jarrah, Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas, Usaid ibn Hudayr and others. In order to keep their mission a secret and retain the element of surprise, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) ordered them to travel by night and hide during the day, taking a different route from that usually taken by travelers. Abu Salmah set off until he reached Banu Asad. He and his men surrounded them at dawn and then raided them while calling his men to Jihad. They soon defeated Banu Asad, took their wealth as booty and returned to Madinah victorious and proud, thus re-establishing the Muslims’ might and reminding everyone of Islam’s grandeur and authority.

也有消息传到安拉的使者ﷺ那里:哈立德·本·苏夫even·哈宰利(Khalid ibn Sufyan al-Hodhali)正驻扎在‘Urnah或Nakhlah,在那里聚集并招募人众,准备袭击麦地那。于是使者ﷺ召见了‘Abdullah ibn Anees,派他前去侦察,设法探知哈立德的动向。 ‘Abdullah出发后不久便遇到了哈立德,哈立德问他:“这位是谁?”他回答说:“我是‘Abdullah。我是一个阿拉伯人,听说你在召集人众与穆罕默德作战,所以我来了。”哈立德承认他正在招募人众袭击麦地那。两人同行一段路,边走边聊。待两人与他人分开、独处时,‘Abdullah抓住机会拔出剑来,给了他致命一击。随后他返回麦地那,将自己的这段经历禀告了安拉的使者ﷺ。 哈立德死后,哈达勒的Banu Lihyan部族放弃了袭击麦地那的计划。因此,安拉的使者ﷺ成功地化解并消除了哈立德的威胁,以及当时笼罩在麦地那上空的其他多方威胁。

News also reached the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) that Khalid ibn Sufyan al- Hodhali was encamped in ‘Urnah or Nakhlah, gathering and recruiting people to raid Madinah. So he (pbuh) summoned ‘Abdullah ibn Anees and sent him on an exploratory mission to try and gather news about Khalid’s movements. ‘Abdullah set off and soon met up with Khalid who asked him, “Who is the man?” He said, “‘Abdullah. I am an Arab who heard you were gathering people to fight Muhammad and that is why I am here.” Khalid confessed that he was recruiting people to raid Madinah. They walked for a while and chatted, then when the two were isolated from other people, ‘Abdullah seized the chance to draw his sword and dealt him a fatal blow. He returned to Madinah and informed the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) about his adventure. With the death of Khalid, Banu Lihyan of Hadhayl abandoned their plan to raid Madinah. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) therefore succeeded in neutralizing and removing Khalid’s threat, and the threat from many other quarters that loomed over Madinah.

然而,这些事件并没有阻止部分阿拉伯人在乌侯德战役之后继续藐视穆斯林的权威。哈达勒部落附近一个部落的一群人来到麦地那,告诉安拉的使者ﷺ,他们非常渴望学习伊斯兰教,并请求他派遣一批圣门弟子前去教导他们伊斯兰教、为他们诵读《古兰经》。他ﷺ下令派出六位资深的圣门弟子与他们同行。他们启程,直到抵达哈达勒人的水井处,那地方名为"赖吉"。那些人背叛了圣门弟子,召集哈达勒人来对付他们。这六位穆斯林措手不及,发现自己被哈达勒人包围,对方向他们发起冲锋。穆斯林拔剑奋战,直到其中三人牺牲,另外三人投降,被俘虏。哈达勒人把这三名俘虏带往麦加,要把他们卖给古莱什人。在前往麦加的途中,其中一名俘虏阿卜杜拉·本·塔里格抓住机会挣脱,并设法夺到一把剑准备还击,但很快被制服并杀害。另外两名俘虏最终在麦加被卖掉。其中一人宰德·本·达忒纳被safwan·本·乌迈叶买下,以便为他父亲乌迈叶·本·赫勒夫复仇而杀掉他。宰德被带出来准备处决时,艾布·苏福扬问他:"宰德,我以安拉起誓,你难道不希望现在穆罕默德ﷺ代替你在这里,让我们砍掉他的头,而你回到家人身边吗?"宰德回答:"我以安拉起誓,我不希望穆罕默德ﷺ现在在我的位置上,哪怕一根刺扎伤他,而我却坐在家人身边。"艾布·苏福扬为之震惊,并常说:"我从未见过像穆罕默德的圣门弟子爱戴他那样,被如此爱戴的人。"随后宰德被杀。

However, these events did not stop some Arabs from continuing to show disdain towards the authority of the Muslims in the wake of the battle of Uhud. A group of people from a tribe neighboring Hadhayl came to Madinah and told the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) that they were very keen to learn about Islam and requested that he send to them a group of his Sahabah to teach them Islam and read to them the Qur’an. He (pbuh) ordered six of his senior Sahabah to accompany them. They set off until they reached the wells of Hadhayl in a place called al-Raji’. The men betrayed the Sahabah and summoned the people of Hadhayl against them. The six Muslims were caught by surprise and found themselves surrounded by Hadhayl who charged on them. The Muslims drew their swords and fought until three of them were killed and the other three surrendered and were taken prisoners. Hadhayl took the three prisoners to Makkah to sell them to the Quraysh. On their way to Makkah, one of the prisoners, ‘Abdullah ibn Tariq, seized the opportunity to break free and managed to get hold of his sword to fight, but he was soon overpowered and killed. The other two prisoners were eventually sold in Makkah. One of them, Zayd ibn al- Dathnah, was bought by Safwan ibn Umayyah in order to kill him in revenge for his father Umayyah ibn Khalaf. When Zayd was brought to be killed, Abu Sufyan asked him, “I adjure you by Allah, Zayd, don’t you wish that Muhammad (pbuh) was with us now in your place so that we might cut off his head, and that you were with your family?” Zayd replied, “By Allah, I do not wish that Muhammad now were in my place and that a thorn could hurt him, and that I were sitting with my family.” Abu Sufyan was astonished and used to say, “I have never seen a man who is so loved as Muhammad’s Companions love him.” Zayd was then killed.

Khubayb,是被带到麦加的第二位圣门弟子，他被囚禁起来，直到人们把他带出去钉十字架。他请求他们给他一点时间做几拜，他们同意了。他把拜功做得非常完美，然后转向众人说："如果你们不会以为我只是因为害怕死亡而拖延时间，我本会把拜功延长。"随后他们把他举到木架上，并将他捆绑起来，他愤怒地看着他们，大声喊道："真主啊！请你逐一统计他们，将他们一个一个杀死，不要让他们中的任何一人逃脱。"在场的人听到他的呼喊都为之战栗，之后他们杀害了他。真主的使者ﷺ对六位圣门弟子的死感到非常悲痛，所有穆斯林也都如此。而让穆斯林更加悲痛的是，Hadhayl部落对圣门弟子们所表现出的轻蔑和漠视。

Khubayb, the second companion brought to Makkah, was imprisoned until they brought him out to crucify him. He asked them to give him time to make a couple of Rak’at and they agreed. He performed his Salah in an excellent manner and then turned to the people saying, “Were it not that you would think that I only delayed out of fear of death I would have prolonged my prayer.” Then they raised him on the wood and when they had bound him, he looked angrily at them and shouted, “O Allah! Reckon them by number and kill them one by one. Let none of them escape.” Those present shuddered from his cry and then they killed him. Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) was very saddened by the death of the six companions, as were all the Muslims. What made the Muslims even sadder was the manner in which Hadhayl had displayed their contempt and disregard to their companions.

安拉的使者ﷺ深思熟虑这一局势,正当他沉思之时,一位名叫阿布·巴拉·阿米尔·本·马立克（即"持矛者"）的人来到了麦地那。使者ﷺ向他讲解伊斯兰教,并邀请他接受。他没有表态承诺,但他离伊斯兰并不遥远,也从未对宗教表现出任何敌意。他对安拉的使者ﷺ说："如果您派一些同伴去纳季德人那里,他们若受邀前去参与您的事业,我满怀希望他们会给您一个积极的答复。"安拉的使者ﷺ担心他的同伴会被纳季德人杀害,就像当年被哈达尔背信弃义所害的那些人一样,因此他决定不答应阿布·巴拉的请求。然而,阿布·巴拉说服了他,表示自己将为他们作保,并说道："请派他们去邀请人们信奉您的宗教,我会保护他们。"阿布·巴拉是一位声望良好的人,他的话很有分量,任何受他庇护的人都不必担心被背叛。

Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) thought hard about this state of affairs and it was while he was deep in thought that a man called Abu Bara’ ‘Amir ibn Malik (the ‘Player with the Spears’) arrived in Madinah. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) explained Islam to him and invited him to accept it. He would not commit himself, yet he was not far from Islam and never showed any signs of hostility towards the Deen. He told Allah’s Messenger (pbuh), “If you were to send some of your companions to the people of Najd and they invited them to your affair, I have good hopes that they would give you a favorable answer.” Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) feared that his companions would be killed by the people of Najd just like those who had been betrayed by Hadhayl, so he decided against granting Abu Bara’ his wish. However, Abu Bara’ convinced him that he would go as a surety for them and said, “Let them be sent to invite men to your Deen, I will protect them.” Abu Bara’ was a man of good repute, and his words carried weight, any man protected by him would not fear to be betrayed.

于是,安拉的使者ﷺ派遣了穆迪尔·本·阿慕尔,与四十位从穆斯林中挑选出来的优秀同伴一同前往。他们出发,直到抵达马伍那井,从那里派出一名使者,携带安拉的使者ﷺ致阿米尔·本·图法利的信。使者来到他那里后,阿米尔突然冲上去,在他甚至还没看信之前就将其杀死,随后他呼召Banu 'Aamir部落与穆斯林作战,但他们拒绝了他的要求,表示他们不会违背阿布·巴拉'曾向穆斯林许下的安全承诺。随后,阿米尔向其他部落求助,他们包围了正与骆驼在一起的穆斯林。穆斯林见状拔剑奋战,直至最后一人。除两人之外,全部被杀。安拉的使者ﷺ对此深感悲痛,所有穆斯林也都因此深受震惊、悲痛不已。

So the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent al-Mundhir ibn ‘Amr with forty of his companions from the best of the Muslims. They set off until they had reached the well of Ma’unah, from there they sent a messenger with a letter from the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to ‘Amir ibn Tufayl. When the messenger reached him he rushed him and killed him before he had even looked at the letter, then he called out Banu ‘Aamir to fight the Muslims, but they refused to do what he wanted saying that they would not violate the promise of security which Abu Bara’ had given the Muslims. Then ‘Amir appealed to other tribes and they surrounded the Muslims while they were with their camels. Seeing this, the Muslims drew their swords and fought to the last man. All were killed except two. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was very saddened by this, as were all the Muslims who were deeply shocked.

安拉的使者ﷺ深思熟虑,考虑如何应对那些阿拉伯人,如何恢复穆斯林的崇高地位和尊严。然而,他ﷺ意识到麦地那本身也受到了影响,因此他决定首先着手处理国家内部的动荡。待麦地那重新恢复稳定之后,他ﷺ再转而应对阿拉伯人以及其他对外事务。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) thought long and hard about how to deal with those Arabs and how to re-establish the Muslims’ high standing and dignity. He (pbuh) realized, however, that Madinah itself was affected, so he opted to try to deal firstly with the State’s internal disturbances. Once he had ensured that stability had returned to Madinah, he would then turn to the Arabs and other external affairs.

伍候德战役、Raji'事件和Beer Ma'unah事件，再次损害了穆斯林在伪信者和犹太人眼中的威望与地位。他们开始密谋对付安拉的使者，并等待合适的时机对他加害。安拉的使者ﷺ逐渐查明了他们的意图，直到他ﷺ掌握了他们阴谋的详情。随后，他ﷺ派穆罕默德·本·麦斯莱迈去见他们，说："安拉的使者派我来告诉你们，离开他的土地，因为你们企图背叛他，破坏了他与你们立下的盟约。你们有十天的时间离开。之后若再有人在此被看到，将被砍头！"

The battle of Uhud, together with the events of Raji’ and Beer Ma’unah once again undermined the authority and standing of the Muslims in the eyes of the hypocrites and the Jews. They began plotting against the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and they waited for a suitable opportunity to deal him a bad turn. Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) gradually ascertained their intentions until he (pbuh) had managed to learn about their conspiracies. Then he (pbuh) sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah to them and he said, “The Messenger of Allah sent me to you to tell you to leave his land, for you have breached the oath he made with you by attempting to betray him. You have ten days to leave. Anyone seen here afterwards will have his neck struck!”.

如果不是‘Abdullah ibn Ubayy劝说他们留下，Banu Nadir本已准备离开；Huyayy ibn Akhtab也鼓动他们留在自己的堡垒中。十天期限已过，Banu Nadir仍留在他们的家园中，于是安拉的使者ﷺ与他们作战，直到他们请求他饶他们一命，条件是他们可以保留骆驼所能驮运的全部财物。最终他们动身离去，把他们在土地、棕榈树和盔甲上拥有的一切都留了下来。安拉的使者ﷺ将他们的财产分给了迁士（Muhajireen），没有分给辅士（Ansar），只有两人例外，即Abu Dujanah和Sahl ibn Hanif，因为他们抱怨贫困。驱逐Banu Nadir之后，安拉的使者ﷺ平息了内部的动荡，恢复了穆斯林的尊严与崇高地位。

Banu Nadir would have left had it not been for ‘Abdullah ibn Ubayy prodding them to stay; Huyayy ibn Akhtab also encouraged them to remain in their forts. The ten days expired and Banu Nadir remained in their homes, thus Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) fought them until they asked him to spare their lives on condition that they retained all the possessions which they could carry on their camels. They finally set off leaving behind all that they owned from their lands, palm trees and armor. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) divided their properties among the Muhajireen to the exclusion of the Ansar, except for two men who were Abu Dujanah and Sahl ibn Hanif who complained of poverty. In expelling Banu Nadir, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) managed to quell the internal unrest and restore the dignity and high status of the Muslims.

再次转向外交政策,安拉的使者ﷺ前往巴德尔,赴与古莱氏人在最后一战中的约定,但古莱氏人并未在那里与他相会。这发生在乌侯德之战后一年。安拉的使者ﷺ想起了艾布·苏福扬所说的话:"今日以巴德尔之日相报;我们的约会地点是明年的巴德尔。"他ﷺ强调与艾布·苏福扬相会的重要性,于是为穆斯林做好了作战准备。他ﷺ留下阿卜杜拉·伊本·阿卜杜拉·伊本·赛鲁勒负责麦地那的事务,与穆斯林一同出发,直至抵达巴德尔。他们在那里扎营,等待准备好与他们交战的古莱氏人。由艾布·苏福扬率领的古莱氏人离开麦加,人数超过两千,但他们很快便返回了。

Turning once again to the foreign policy, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) went forth to keep his appointment with the Quraysh in a last battle at Badr, but the Quraysh did not meet him there. This was one year after Uhud and Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) remembered what Abu Sufyan had said, “Today in exchange for the day of Badr; our meeting place is Badr next year.” He (pbuh) stressed the importance of meeting Abu Sufyan so he (pbuh) prepared the Muslims for battle. He (pbuh) left ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abdullah ibn Salul in charge of Madinah and set off with the Muslims until they reached Badr. There they set up camp waiting for the Quraysh ready to do battle with them. The Quraysh, headed by Abu Sufyan, left Makkah with more than two thousand men, but they soon returned.

使者(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)在白德尔等待古莱氏人整整八天,但他们始终没有出现。最后,他得到消息,古莱氏人已经返回麦加。于是他(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)与穆斯林一同返回麦地那,并且在白德尔通过贸易获得了可观的利润。穆斯林胜利归来,尽管并未发生战斗。 此后不久,真主的使者(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)袭击了内志的गतफान部落,他们弃下财产和妇女逃走,穆斯林将这些战利品带回麦地那。随后,他(愿真主赐福他并使他平安)袭击了位于叙利亚与希贾兹边境的杜麦特·朱丹达尔。这次行动意在给那些惯于袭击商队的其他部落一个教训和警告。然而杜麦特·朱丹达尔并没有与他交战,他们只是惊恐逃散,留下了财产,穆斯林同样将其取走,胜利返回麦地那。

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) remained in Badr for eight consecutive days waiting for the Quraysh, but they never turned up. Finally news reached him that the Quraysh had returned to Makkah. So he (pbuh) journeyed back with the Muslims to Madinah after realizing handsome profits from their trading at Badr. The Muslims returned victorious despite the fact that no fighting had taken place. Soon after, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) raided Ghatafan in Najd and they fled leaving behind their properties and women, which the Muslims took and returned to Madinah. Then he (pbuh) raided Dumat al-Jandal on the border between al-Sham and Hijaz. This was intended as a lesson and a warning to the other tribes who used to attack the caravans. But Dumat al-Jandal never confronted him (pbuh), they just fled in terror leaving behind their properties which the Muslims also took returning to Madinah victorious.

这些突袭行动，以及安拉的使者ﷺ在麦地那境内所采取的措施，帮助恢复了伊斯兰国家的权威，并在阿拉伯人和犹太人眼中维护了它的威望。由此，乌侯德战役失利所造成的影响得以彻底消除。

These raids, and the measures taken by Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) at home in Madinah, helped to restore the Islamic State’s authority and secured its grandeur in the eyes of the Arabs and Jews. The effects of the defeat at Uhud were thus completely effaced.