原则上，经济体系关注的是商品和服务的生产与消费过程，而政治经济学则为其提供适当的政治框架。货币体系不一定是经济体系的一部分。货币是一种工具，用于在生产和消费过程中衡量商品和服务的价值。在生产者与消费者之间交换产品和利益时，就需要这种衡量标准。古代的人群（部落和原始社会）能够生产维持生活和生存所需的全部物品，因此并不需要统一的标准来衡量其商品和服务的价值。所以，货币并不属于其生产与消费体系的一部分。

In principle, an economic system is concerned with the process of production and consumption of goods and services, while the political economy provides it with the proper political framework. The monetary system is not necessarily a part of the economic system. Money is a tool used to measure the value of goods and services during the production and consumption processes. This measure is required during the exchange of products and benefits between the producers and consumers. Ancient groups of peoples (tribes and primitives societies) were able to produce all the goods they needed to live and survive, and hence did not require a standard measure for the values of their goods and services. Money, therefore, was not part of the system of production and consumption.

随着社会的进步与发展，人们需要在同一社会内部以及不同社会之间交换商品和服务。最初，商品和服务的交易采用以物易物的方式，即商品换商品、商品换服务或服务换服务。《古兰经》中记载的一个例子是先知穆萨（PBUH）为娶雇主、先知舒阿卜（PBUH）的女儿而服务了八年。135 以一种称为货币的特定交换单位来交换商品和服务，是在公元前600至650年间出现的。136 货币逐渐成为衡量商品和服务所带来利益的标准尺度。然而，货币并没有取代以物易物的交换方式，而是提供了一种新的方式。因此，货币被定义为衡量商品和服务的媒介。资本家把以货币衡量的商品和服务的价值称为"价格"。因此，在资本主义之下，价格就是商品和服务交换价值的另一种名称。在伊斯兰教中，以货币表示的价格并非事物的内在价值，而是对该价值的一种估计。

The progress and advancement of societies created the need for people to exchange goods and services within the same society as well as across societies. Initially, the trade of goods and services was conducted using barter methods through the exchange of goods for goods, goods for services, or services for services. One such example reported in the Quran is when Prophet Moses (PBUH) paid eight years of services in exchange for marrying the daughter of his employer, Prophet Shuaib (PBUH).135 The exchange of goods and services for a specific unit of exchange, called money, was introduced in the period 600-650 BC.136 Money came to be a standard measure for the benefit found in goods and services. However, money did not replace barter exchange methods but provided a new method. Therefore, money is defined as the medium by which goods and services are measured. The capitalists called the value of goods and services “price” when this value is measured by money. So the price under capitalism is another name for the exchange value of goods and services. Under Islam, the price given in money is not an intrinsic value of things; rather it is an estimate of that value.

商品的价格与工人的工资，例如，分别代表社会对该商品价值和该工人劳动的评估。对商品和服务价值的这种评估，是通过明确的计量单位来表达的。这些单位成为衡量商品所带来的利益和服务所带来的利益的尺度。这些单位还充当交换的媒介，而这些单位就是货币。

The price of a commodity and the wage of a worker, for instance, each represent the society’s estimate of the value of that commodity and the effort of that worker. This estimation of the value of goods and services is expressed by well-defined units. These units become the measure by which the benefit obtained from a commodity and the benefit obtained from a service is measured. These units would act as a medium of exchange, and these units are money.

伊斯兰教认可以物易物的交易方式，也认可以货币进行交易。人们可以基于彼此的同意以及交易双方的最大利益，自行选择以哪种方式交换商品或服务。无论采用以物易物还是货币，在交换过程中，商品或服务的价格都必须明确规定。例如，一个人可以用在卖家的马厩里工作一周来换取一匹马，前提是每天的工作时长已明确规定；他也可以支付一盎司黄金购买这匹马。

Islam approved barterlike method as well as money for conducting trade transactions. People are allowed to choose either method for the exchange of goods and services based on mutual agreement and the best interest of the trading parties. Either way, using barter or money, the price of the goods or services has to be explicitly defined in the process of exchange. For example, a person can purchase a horse in exchange for working a week in the horse stable of the seller, given that the number of hours of work per day is well defined, or he can pay an ounce of gold for the horse.

伊斯兰教并没有让货币制度处于不确定的状态；相反，它确定了金和银作为货币制度的基本单位。在伊斯兰教出现之前，由于这两种贵金属本身具有内在价值，它们已被各个社会和文明广泛使用。罗马帝国以黄金作为主要货币，铸造了多种以黄金为基础、形状和重量都有明确规定的货币单位；其中一种称为“denarius”或第纳尔的单位，是罗马共和国和罗马帝国发行的主要硬币。金第纳尔在整个罗马帝国及其附属国通行使用。

Islam did not leave the monetary system undefined; rather it specified the gold and silver as the base units for the monetary system. Both gold and silver were extensively used by societies and civilizations before Islam due to the intrinsic value of these precious metals. The Roman Empire used gold as the main currency and struck several gold-based units at a well-defined shape and weight; one of these units was the “denarius” or the dinar, which was the main coin issued by republican and imperial Rome. The gold dinar was used throughout the Roman Empire and its satellite states.

波斯帝国以白银为主要货币，并发行了三种形状和重量各异的银币，称为迪拉姆（dirham）。穆罕默德先知ﷺ出生的阿拉伯部落古莱什，并没有自己的货币；相反，古莱什人以其商品交换所得，使用罗马的金第纳尔和波斯的银迪拉姆。阿拉伯人以金银币的重量而非枚数作为交换的计量单位。

The Persian empire used silver as its main currency and issued three types of silver coins, called dirham, with different shapes and weights. The Arab tribe of Quraish, where Mohammad the Prophet was born, did not have a currency of its own; rather Quraish used the Roman gold dinar and Persian silver dirham, which they received in exchange of their merchandise. The Arabs used the weight of the gold and silver coins as units of exchange instead of the number of coins.

伊斯兰教兴起之后，穆罕默德ﷺ认可了阿拉伯人在麦加所使用的金第纳尔和银迪拉姆。他也认可了金第纳尔的重量，那是古莱什商人在麦加所使用的标准重量。据传穆罕默德ﷺ曾说："（金第纳尔的）重量与麦加所使用的重量相同。"137 伊斯兰教以金银作为货币基础，这一点在以下情况中进一步得到体现：

After the rise of Islam, Mohammad (PBUH) approved the use of gold dinar and silver dirham as was used by the Arabs in Mecca. He also approved the weight of the gold dinar which was the standard weight used by the Quraish merchants in Mecca. It is narrated that Mohammad (PBUH) said, “The weight (of the gold Dinar) is the same as the weight used in Mecca.”137 The Islamic consideration of gold and silver as a base for currency is further evident in the following cases:

当伊斯兰禁止囤积财富时，它只禁止了囤积黄金和白银，尽管财富包括任何可以被拥有的财产。财富包括货币（黄金和白银）、土地、牲畜、谷物以及更多。然而，囤积只适用于货币性财富；它不适用于其他形式的财富。人们有可能储存某些货物和商品，例如食品，但这种行为属于垄断（ihtikar）一词的范畴，而非囤积，其目的在于抬高商品价格。对垄断的禁止在《古兰经》和圣训的其他地方也有提及。正是对货币的囤积破坏了商品的生产循环。因此，禁止囤积黄金和白银，间接表明黄金和白银构成伊斯兰国家的货币基础。由此可见，禁止囤积黄金和白银的经文，实际上是指禁止囤积货币，并确立黄金和白银作为货币本位。

1. When Islam prohibited the hoarding of wealth, it only prohibited the hoarding of gold and silver despite the fact that wealth includes any property that can be owned. Wealth includes money (gold and silver), land, cattle, grains, and much more. However, hoarding applies only to monetary wealth; it does not apply to other forms of wealth. It is possible for people to stash away certain goods and commodities such as food items, but this act falls under the term monopoly rather than hoarding, which aims at raising the prices of goods. The prohibition of monopoly is referenced in other places in the Quran and Sunnah. It is the hoarding of money alone which interrupts the production cycle of goods. Therefore, prohibiting the hoarding of gold and silver is an indirect reference to the fact that gold and silver constitute the monetary currency in the Islamic state. Hence the verse which prohibits the hoarding of gold and silver in fact refers to the hoarding of money and established gold and silver as the money base.

{9:34} 那些囤积黄金和白银、却不将其用于安拉之道的人，你要让他们知道，等待他们的将是严厉的惩罚。

[9:34] And those who hoard gold and silver and do not spend them in the way of Allah, let them know that a severe punishment is awaiting them.

2. 伊斯兰教将黄金和白银与一系列涉及货币交易的规则联系起来。例如，伊斯兰教规定了一个具体的金额，作为过失杀人时应支付的赔偿（称为Diyyah或血金）。据传先知ﷺ曾说：“一条生命的血金是一百头骆驼……对于从事黄金交易的人，则是一千第纳尔。”[138] 其他罚金也以黄金和/或白银来估算。使用断手惩罚规则所需的最低盗窃财物金额同样以黄金估算。艾布·伯克尔·布哈里（Al-Bukhari）引述阿伊莎的传述，先知ﷺ说：“盗窃价值四分之一（金）第纳尔及以上者，断其手。”将某些财务规则与第纳尔和第尔汗相联系，使第纳尔以其等重的黄金、第尔汗以其等重的白银，成为衡量商品和服务价值的货币单位。这一货币单位构成了伊斯兰国家货币的基础。

2. Islam has linked gold and silver to a set of rules which involve monetary transactions. For example, Islam named a specific amount of gold as a fine to be paid in lieu of a killing by mistake (known as Diyyah or blood money). Messenger of Allah was reported to have said, “The blood money for one soul would be 100 camels . . . and for those who deal in gold is 1000 Dinars.”138 Other fines were estimated in terms of gold and/or silver as well. The minimum amount of stolen wealth which invokes the punitive rule of hand amputation is also estimated in gold. Al-Bukhari reported on the authority of Aisha that the Messenger of Allah said, “The hand is cut for the theft of one-quarter (gold) dinar and up The attachment of certain financial rules with the dinar and the dirham makes the dinar with its weight in gold, and the dirham with its weight in silver, the monetary unit by which the values of goods and services are measured. This monetary unit constitutes the base for the money currency in the Islamic state.

3. 使者ﷺ确定以黄金和白银作为货币，并且专门以它们作为衡量商品和服务价值的货币标准，并确保所有交易都以它们为基础进行。他还确立了这种货币的单位，这些单位在使者ﷺ在世时就广为人知、普遍流行，所有人都广泛使用。也有确凿证据表明，使者ﷺ认可了这些单位。所有的贸易和婚姻交易都是以黄金和白银进行的，是以它们的货币身份进行的，这在众多的圣训中都有记载。使者ﷺ以一个特定的重量来确定黄金和白银的重量，这一重量即麦加人的重量。艾布·达伍德和奈萨仪从伊本·欧麦尔那里转述，使者ﷺ说：“重量应当以麦加人的重量为准。” 4. 当天课中关于货币的规定被确立时，伊斯兰教以黄金和白银的计量确定了达到天课标准的最低货币数额。这又一次表明，货币指的就是黄金和白银。

3. The messenger of Allah has determined that gold and silver be used as money, and exclusively made them the monetary measure to evaluate goods and services, and ensured that all transactions be conducted with them as their basis. He also established the units of this money, which were well-known and widespread during the lifetime of the messenger of Allah and they were widely used by all people. It has also been established that the messenger of Allah approved of them. All trade and marriage transactions were conducted in gold and silver, in their quality as money, and this has been documented in numerous Hadeeths of the Prophet. The Messenger of Allah has determined the weight of gold and silver with a specific weight, which was the weight of the people of Mecca. Abu Dawud and An-Nisai reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah said, “The weight should be that of the people of Mecca.” 4. When the Zakah dues on money was decreed, Islam determined the minimum amount of money which qualifies for Zakah in terms of gold and silver. This is another reference to money as being the gold and silver.

5. 货币兑换的规则只规定了金币与银币之间的兑换办法，这明确表明货币应当仅以黄金和白银为基础。提尔米兹圣训集记载，安拉的使者ﷺ说："金换银，你们想怎么换就怎么换，但必须当场交割（即即时交付）。"布哈里圣训集也记载，安拉的使者ﷺ说："金换银，若非当场交割，即是利息（Riba）。"稳固的货币基础对于金融和经济体系的稳定至关重要，因此伊斯兰为货币基础制定了规则，而没有让它不明确，也没有任其随经济状况波动。凡涉及货币交易的事项，伊斯兰教法总是以黄金和白银为依据。因此，伊斯兰政治经济体系中的货币应当是黄金和白银，或以黄金和白银为基础。预计下一个伊斯兰国家的兴起，将决定性地回归到更加稳固、更加稳定的金银本位，作为金融体系的基础。

5. The rules of currency exchange specified the rules of exchange between gold and silver currencies only; this serves clear evidence that money should be based on gold and silver only. Tirmidhi reported that the Messenger of Allah said, “Trade gold for silver as you wish, but hand to hand (without delay).” Bukhari also reported that the Messenger of Allah said, “Gold for silver would be Riba, unless it was hand to hand (without delay).” A solid base for monetary foundation is essential for the stability of both the financial and economic systems, and thus Islam has laid down the rules for the monetary foundation and did not leave them undefined or subject to the fluctuation of the economic conditions. The Shari’ah laws have always referred to gold and silver whenever the subject matter involved monetary transaction. Consequently, the currency within the Islamic political economy would be gold and silver, or based on gold and silver. The rise of the next Islamic state is expected to witness a decisive return to a more solid and stable gold and silver standard as a base for the financial system.

金银本位制并不排斥其他形式的交换。商品之间，以及商品与服务之间，可以采用类似以物易物的方式进行交换。商品和服务的价值仍将依据这些货物所固有的效用来评估。金银本位制仅适用于货币及货币交易。

The gold and silver standard does not exclude other forms of exchange. Products could be exchanged for products and services in a barterlike method. The value of products and services will continue to be estimated based on the benefits inherent in these goods. The gold and silver standard only applies to money and monetary exchange.

伊斯兰教初兴时，金和银被用作货币交换的基础。在伊斯兰早期，由先知穆罕默德ﷺ领导的伊斯兰国家使用罗马、波斯和也门王朝铸造的金币和银币。穆斯林与伊斯兰教兴起前的阿拉伯人一样，按重量而非数量使用这些货币。先知ﷺ认可了这种使用方式，这使得使用金币和银币成为一项伊斯兰律例，尽管它们在伊斯兰教兴起之前就已在使用。罗马、波斯和也门的货币一直使用到伊斯兰国家兴起的头七十五年，直到哈里发阿卜杜勒·马利克·本·marwan140下令铸造新的伊斯兰金币和银币。他铸造了金制第纳尔和银制迪拉姆，并使用伊斯兰阿拉伯文字来区分伊斯兰货币与其他货币。第纳尔的重量为4.25克黄金，迪拉姆的重量为2.98克白银。这些重量与罗马人和波斯人铸造、伊斯兰教前麦加的阿拉伯人所使用的货币重量相符。金银本位制一直延续到伊斯兰国家存在的整个时期，直至1924年在伊斯坦布尔被废除。

The first rise of Islam utilized the use of gold and silver as a base for monetary exchange. During the early days of Islam, the Islamic state under the leadership of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) used the gold and silver coins produced by the Romans, Persians, and Yemeni dynasties. The Muslims, like the Arabs before Islam, used these coins in terms of their weights rather than numbers. The fact that the Prophet approved their use as such makes the use of gold and silver coins an Islamic rule, although they were in use before Islam. The use of Roman, Persian, and Yemeni coins continued for the first seventy-five years of the rise of the Islamic state, until Caliph Abdul Malik Bin Marwan140 struck new Islamic gold and silver coins. He minted the dinar in gold and the dirham in silver and he used Islamic Arabic script to distinguish the Islamic coins from others. The weight of the dinar was 4.25 grams of gold and the weight of the dirham was 2.98 silver grams. These weights were consistent with the weights of the coins struck by the Romans and Persians and used by the Arabs in Mecca before Islam. The gold and silver standard continued throughout the existence of the Islamic state until it was abolished in 1924 in Istanbul.

除了使用黄金和白银之外,伊斯兰国家也使用铜币来买卖价值微小、成本低廉的物品。然而,铜币始终可以兑换成金第纳尔或银迪拉姆。关键在于,伊斯兰允许以任何形式印制的货币(黄金、白银、铜、纸币、数字代币)作为通货,只要该货币可以兑换成黄金,即以黄金为担保。由于金银本位是伊斯兰教法(Shari'ah)的规定,伊斯兰国家若发行非全额以黄金或白银为担保的纸币,是被禁止的;国家若使纸币相对于预先确定的金银等价物贬值,同样是被禁止的。伊斯兰货币的完整性,进而人们对这种货币的信心,应当成为伊斯兰政治经济中的稳定力量。这也将维持并提升伊斯兰金融体系的可信度,尤其是在资本主义经济主导下,世界已因货币波动而遭受了巨大损失。

Besides the use of gold and silver, the Islamic state also used copper coins for buying and selling negligible low-cost items. However, the copper coins were always convertible to gold dinars or silver dirhams. The point is that Islam allows the use of currency printed in any form (gold, silver, copper, paper, digital tokens) as long as that currency is convertible to gold, i.e., backed by gold. Because the gold and silver standard is a Shari’ah Islamic law, it would be prohibited for the Islamic state to issue paper money which is not completely backed by gold or silver, and it would be prohibited for the state to devalue the paper money against the pre-established gold and silver equivalence. The integrity of the Islamic currency, and hence the confidence in such currency, should serve as a stabilizing force in the Islamic political economy. This should also sustain and increase the trustworthiness of the Islamic financial system, especially since the world had suffered a great deal from currency fluctuations under the dominance of capitalist economy.

在资本主义之下，即使在第一次和第二次世界大战结束时世界各国就金本位达成一致，金本位仍屡遭挫折。伊斯兰教以黄金和白银作为货币的基础，这是一项伊斯兰教法规定的准则，国家的执政者不得违反，也不受市场状况或国际事务的左右。

Under capitalism, the gold standard had suffered several setbacks even when the world community had agreed on the gold standard at the end of the first and second world wars. Islam considers the use of gold and silver a base for currency, an Islamic rule which cannot be violated by the executives of the state and is not subject for the conditions of the market or the international affairs.

除了金本位制符合伊斯兰教法这一点之外，它还有若干益处。若加以考虑，金本位制便可成为整个国际社会可行的全球标准。纵观货币史，直到第一次世界大战之前，全世界都实行金本位和银本位。在此之前，世界上并不知晓其他任何标准。战争的沉重代价，以及战后仍然持续的帝国主义殖民世界事务，导致了金本位制的崩溃，纸币在没有黄金或白银储备支撑的情况下被引入。认识到金本位制对金融和经济稳定的重要性，若干欧洲国家和美国于1933年曾试图恢复金本位制，但在经济大萧条的沉重压力下失败了。第二次世界大战结束时，美国、欧洲及其他若干国家一致认为，金本位制对全球经济的稳定、进而对世界和平至关重要，随后签署了《布雷顿森林协定》。141

Besides the fact that the gold standard is an Islamically lawful rule, it has several benefits, which if considered, would make the gold standard a viable global standard for the world community at large. Throughout the history of money and up until the First World War, the whole world operated the gold and silver standards. No other standards were known to the world until then. The heavy cost of the war and the imperial colonial world affairs which persisted after the war led to the collapse of the gold standard and the introduction of paper money with no gold or silver backup. Realizing the importance of the gold standard for the financial and economic stability, several European countries and the United States tried in 1933 to restore the gold standard but failed under the heavy pressure of depression. At the end of the Second World War, the United States and Europe and several other nations concurred that a gold standard is essential to the stability of the global economy and hence to world peace and subsequently signed the Bretton Woods Agreement.141

1971年，美国单方面废除了金本位制，迫使几乎所有其他国家改为持有美元而非黄金储备。自二十世纪七十年代起，就不断有人呼吁建立一个经过改革的国际体系，以应对不受约束的资本流动问题。然而，直到2008年末，这一想法才开始获得主要政治领导人的实质性支持。2008年9月26日，法国总统尼古拉·萨科齐说：“我们必须像布雷顿森林会议时那样，从零开始重新思考金融体系。”142 2008年10月13日，英国首相戈登·布朗表示，世界领导人必须会晤，就一种新的经济体系达成一致：“我们必须有一个新的布雷顿森林体系，为未来几年构建新的国际金融架构。”143 毫无疑问，金本位制对全球社会有诸多益处。这些益处包括以下几点：

In 1971, the United States unilaterally abrogated the gold standard and forced almost every other nation to stack US dollars instead of gold reserves. Since the seventies, there have been numerous calls for a revamped international system to tackle the problem of unfettered capital flows. However, it wasn’t until late 2008 that this idea began to receive substantial support from leading politicians. On September 26, 2008, French president Nicolas Sarkozy said, “We must rethink the financial system from scratch, as at Bretton Woods.”142 On October 13, 2008, British prime minister Gordon Brown said world leaders must meet to agree to a new economic system: “We must have a new Bretton Woods, building a new international financial architecture for the years ahead.”143 Undoubtedly, the gold standard has numerous benefits for the global community. These benefits include the following:

1. 黄金本位要求黄金能够自由流通、进口和出口，从而带来货币、金融与经济的稳定。

1. The gold basis necessitates the free circulation, import and export of gold, which leads to monetary, financial, and economic stability.

在伊斯兰经济框架中，价格被定义为社会对商品价值的估量，工资被定义为社会对服务价值的估量。而货币则是表达这一估量的媒介。它使人们能够衡量各种商品和服务，并将它们归结到一个共同的基准之上，从而便于将各种商品之间、各种服务之间进行比较，使其都参照作为通用标准的同一单位。商品的价格和工人的工资，都是以这一单位即货币为基础来支付的。

In the Islamic economic framework, the price is defined as the society’s estimate of the value of goods, and the wage is defined as the society’s estimate of the value of services. Money, on the other hand, is the medium by which this estimate is expressed. It is the medium which enables people to measure various goods and services and refers them to one common base, thus facilitating the process of making a comparison between various goods and between various services by referring them to one general unit which serves as the general standard. Prices are paid for goods and wages are paid for workers on the basis of this unit, which is money.

货币的价值是通过其购买力来衡量的，也就是说，用一单位的货币，一个人能够购买多少商品和服务。因此，社会用来衡量商品和服务价值的媒介，必须具备购买力才能被称为货币，即一种任何人都能借以获得商品和服务的能力。

The value of money is estimated by its purchasing power, i.e., by how many goods and services a person could buy with one unit of the money. Therefore, the medium by which the society estimates the value of goods and services must have a purchasing power in order to qualify as money, i.e., a power with which any person could acquire goods and services.

这种媒介本身必须拥有内在的力量,或依赖于某种内在的力量,也就是说,它自身应当具有公众所认可的价值,才能被视为货币。正是这一点赋予了黄金和白银充当货币基础的资格:黄金和白银具有内在价值,这一价值自人类历史伊始就为各个社会所承认。它曾被用作贵金属,用作男女的首饰,用作抵押品和贷款担保物,也用作交换单位。然而,各国发行货币(即具有购买力的单位)的方式并不相同。有些国家可能采用本身具有内在力量(黄金和白银)或依赖于某种内在力量的货币;另一些国家则可能采用法定货币(不可兑换的纸币),即它们约定某种媒介作为货币,并通过立法或政府法令赋予其购买力;在这种情况下,货币本身并不具有真实的价值。

This medium must originally have its own intrinsic power, or be dependent on an intrinsic power, i.e., it should itself have a value recognized by the public, in order to be considered as money. This is exactly what grants gold and silver the power to serve as a base for money; gold and silver have intrinsic value which has been recognized by societies throughout the history of man. It has been used as a precious metal, as jewelry for men and women, as collateral items and loan guarantees, and as units of exchange. However, the process of issuing money (units with purchasing power) is not the same for all countries in the world. Some countries may adopt money which possesses intrinsic power (gold and silver) or which depends on an intrinsic power. Other countries may adopt conventional money (nonconvertible), i.e., they agree upon a medium to be considered as money and they give it a buying power by means of legislation or government decree; in this case, the money does not possess a real value on its own.

采用金银本位制的国家使用金属货币、纸币，或两者并用。金属货币是按一定重量、形状和样式铸造的金币或银币。例如，在伊斯兰国家，第纳尔是一枚重4.25克的金币，呈圆形，铸有伊斯兰阿拉伯文字；迪拉姆是一枚重2.98克的银币，呈圆形，铸有伊斯兰阿拉伯文字。第纳尔和迪拉姆的分数单位（例如二分之一第纳尔、四分之一第纳尔）也可以按一定形状和样式铸造。实质上，第纳尔（金）和迪拉姆（银）是其他所有货币硬币所由衍生的两个基本单位。

货币兑换是指将一种货币换成另一种货币的过程。这可以是同类货币之间的交换，例如黄金换黄金、白银换白银；也可以是不同类型货币之间的交换，例如黄金换白银，或白银换黄金。

Currency exchange is the process of converting one currency for another. This would be either exchanging one currency for another of the same type, such as the exchange of gold for gold, and silver for silver, or the exchange of one currency type for another one of a different type, such as the exchange of gold for silver or vice versa.

同类货币之间的兑换在伊斯兰教中是允许的，但须符合两个条件。第一，兑换的数量必须完全相等；第二，兑换必须当场完成。先知ﷺ有这样的圣训：“黄金换黄金，须等量、等重、当场交割；否则多出的部分即为利息（Riba）。”144白银换白银也适用同样的规定。例如，某人持有一块一百克的黄金，想把它换成五块较小的黄金。只有当这五块小金的总重量恰好为一百克时，这笔交易才被允许。此外，兑换必须同时进行，即持有一百克金块的人应在收到五块小金的同时交出自己的金块。换言之，不允许先交付大块金子，再分期、分时收取五块小金。伊斯兰教认为这种交易是非法的，并将其视为一种利息（Riba）形式。这一规定适用于所有种类的货币。因此，如果有人想用美元买美元，或用欧元买欧元，那么兑换的数额必须相同，并且在交易执行时应当全额收讫。

The exchange of currencies which belong to the same type is allowed in Islam under two conditions. First, the exchange has to be for the exact same amount, and second, the exchange has to take place at the same time. The Prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said, “The exchange of gold for gold must be done with equal weight and exact amount; otherwise the difference is Riba (usury).”144 The same rule applies to the exchange of silver coins for silver coins. For example, assume that some person has a one-hundred-gram piece of gold and wants to exchange it for five smaller pieces of gold. This transaction is permitted only if the five smaller pieces of gold have a total weight of one hundred grams. Also, the exchange has to take place at the same time, i.e., the person with the one-hundred-gram piece should hand in his piece at the same time when he receives the five smaller pieces. In other words, it is not allowed to give the large piece and receive the five pieces in installments at different times. Islam considers this transaction illegal and treats it as a form of Riba. This rule is extended to all types of currencies. So, if someone wants to buy dollars with dollars or euros with euros, then the amount of exchange must be the same and the money should be received in full at the time of executing the transaction.

当两种不同类型的货币相互兑换时，例如用黄金换白银，或用美元换欧元，其重量或数量可以不同，因为这是两种价值不同的货币；但货币的交换必须在交易执行的同时完成。如果任一方的兑换货币的收取被推迟到另一个时间，那么按照伊斯兰教法，这将被视为利息（Riba）。据报道，先知ﷺ曾说："黄金换白银，可以随意交易，但须当场交割。"145 这意味着汇率可以不同，但买卖必须即时完成。这一规则适用于所有类型的货币；例如，美元换日元、第纳尔或欧元，可以按照各自货币的汇率进行兑换，前提是买卖交易在兑换时完成。

When the exchange occurs between two distinct types of currencies, e.g., gold for silver, or dollar for euro, then the weight or quantity can vary because these are two different types of currencies with different values; but the exchange of money must be completed at the same time when the transaction is executed. If the receipt of any of the exchanged currencies is deferred to a different time, then that would be considered Riba according to Islamic law. The Prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said, “Sell gold for silver the way you wish, hand in hand”145 meaning that the rates can vary but the sale should be instantaneous. This rule extends for all types of currencies; for example, the exchange of dollars for yen, or dinars or euros can take place per the rate of each currency, given that the transaction of sale is completed at the time of exchange.