Allah (swt) has left to everybody the right to sell his commodity at the price He likes. Ibn Majah has narrated from Abu S’aid, that He said, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: “Selling (trading) is by consent.” But because it is possible that the State (government) may force pricing over the people, Allah (swt) prohibited it to set certain prices for commodities and then force people to trade (selling and buying) according to them; therefore, price-fixing was prohibited.
Price-fixing is where the ruler or his deputies or anyone who holds any authority upon the Muslims orders the traders (merchants) not to sell commodities except with a specified price. Thus they are prevented from increasing the prices so they do not raise them up, nor are they allowed to trade with less than these prices so that they do not compete with others. That is to say, they are prevented from increasing or decreasing the stated price for the peoples’ interest (Maslaha). This means that the State intervenes in the prices and puts certain prices for the commodities or for some of them, and prevents anybody from selling with higher or lower than the fixed price, as it considers this to be for the public interest. Islam prohibited pricing absolutely, due to what Imam Ahmad narrated from Anas who said: “Prices increased at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), so they said, O Messenger of Allah, we wish would you price (fix the prices). He (pbuh) said: “Indeed Allah is the Creator, the holder (Qabidh), the Open-handed (Basit), the Provider (Raziq), the Pricer (who fixes prices); and I wish I will meet Allah and nobody demands (complains) of me for unjust act I did against him, neither in blood or property.”
Also Abu Dawud narrated from Abu Huraira, He said, “A man came and said, O Messenger of Allah, fix prices. He (pbuh) said: “Rather Allah reduces and increases.” These Ahadith indicate that pricing is prohibited and is an unjust act against which a complaint is made to the ruler to remove it. And if the ruler himself did pricing He would be sinful in the sight of Allah (swt), because it is a prohibited (Haram) act. Every person of the citizens would have the right to complain to the Court of the Unjust Acts (Mahkamat Al-Madhalim) against the ruler who makes pricing, whether He was a governor (Wali) or Khalifah. He complains to this court about this act in order to judge against Him and remove this unjust act (Madhlama).
Prohibiting pricing is general for all commodities, so there is no difference between the foodstuffs and others. This is the case because the Ahadith forbid pricing absolutely, so they are general (A’am) Ahadith and there is nothing that qualifies them with the foodstuffs or others; so prohibition of pricing is general, which thus includes the pricing of anything.
The reality of pricing is that it is a grave Haram upon the nation under all circumstances, whether in the situation of war or peace, or as it opens a hidden market in which people trade unseen by the government and away from its supervision; a market which is called the black market. Therefore, the prices increase such that the rich people would possess commodities to the exclusion of the poor. Moreover, pricing would have an affect on consumption, thereby affecting the production, and may lead to an economic crisis. Furthermore, people have control over their property, because ownership of property means that they have control over it whereas, pricing means forcing interdiction (Hajr) over them, a matter which is not allowed except through a divine text which does not exist in this case. So it is not allowed to force interdiction (Hajr) over people by putting specific prices for their commodities and preventing them from trading with higher or lower than that.
In regard to the prices that rise at the time of war, or during a political crisis, this results from either the non-availability of the commodities in the market because of their being hoarded as monopoly or because of their shortage. If their absence was due to monopoly, monopoly was prohibited by Allah (swt), and if it was due to their shortage in the market, then the Khalifah, who is ordered to look after the affairs of the nation, must strive to make them available in the market by bringing them from other places, and thus He would prevent the prices from rising.
In the famine year, which was called Ramadha (ashes) year, when famine occurred only in Hijaz due to food shortage in that year and thus food prices increased, ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab did not fix the prices of the foodstuffs. Rather He ordered supplies of foodstuffs from Egypt and ash-Sham to be sent to the Hijaz; thus prices dropped without the need for pricing.