5 教学方法与风格 - 哈里发国家的教育课程 | System Of Islam

5 教学方法与风格 - 哈里发国家的教育课程 | System Of Islam

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5 教学方法与风格

5 Teaching means and styles

by Hizb - Lebanon2 min readViewed 148 times

每一种理念都有其执行的方法。至于风格，则是执行该行动的特定、非固定的方式。在教育领域，风格指教师为了帮助学生实现目标而采取的一切有指导性的活动，即迅速而成功地传达思想、概念和各类知识。教师可以根据教学情境选择不同的风格，因此他会顾及学生的水平，并选择最佳风格来达成目标，例如辩论、讨论、叙述、讲故事、解决问题、实验、直接的实践练习等。风格通常需要一种或多种手段来实施行动。手段和风格并非固定不变；它们会随着环境、人员和可能性而改变、演进并增多。正如执行行动必须有某种方法，手段和风格在执行该方法时也发挥着重要作用。要迅速而成功地完成行动，就取决于创新出适宜的手段和风格来实施这一行动。

Every idea has its method of execution. As for styles, they are specific non-permanent modes of performing the action. Styles within the subject of education means all types of directed activity that the teacher undertakes with the objective of assisting his students to realise the goal, namely communicating thoughts, concepts and diverse knowledge quickly and successfully. The teacher can choose diverse styles according to what suits the education situation, so he heeds the level of students and chooses the best style to achieve the goal e.g. styles such as debate, discussion, narration, story telling, problem solving, experimentation, direct practical exercises, etc. Often styles require one or more means to perform the action. Means and styles are not permanent; they change, evolve and ennumerate according to circumstances, people and possibilities. Just as a method must exist to execute an action, means and styles play an important role in executing this method. Accomplishing the action quickly and successfully depends upon innovating suitable means and styles to perform this action.

自公元十九世纪起,欧洲,随后是美国和俄罗斯,以令人惊叹的方式推动了工业革命的创新,而这场革命本身又是科学研究方式的结果,这些研究方式被称为"科学方法"。经过考察可以发现,科学方法只在经验科学中是正确而有效的;同样,称其为一种方法并无不妥,因为它是一种特定且固定的研究技术。然而,错误在于将它当作思维的基础,而取代了理性方法,因为这样就会否定许多事实和知识的存在,而人类曾借助理性方法证明了这些事实和知识的存在,例如安拉的存在和穆罕默德的先知身份(ﷺ)。因此,科学方法是正确的方法,但只适用于可以通过实验来了解其实在和属性的有形物质(madda)。然而,理性方法及其四个构成要素仍然是思维的基础,因为它不仅用于研究有形物质,例如物理学等,也用于研究思想,如信仰(‘aqeedah)、立法和历史,以及语言研究,例如文学等。如果关于某物存在的理性结论与科学结论相互矛盾,则采纳理性结论,因为它对事物存在所作的判断是确定无疑的。

From the 19th century Christian Era, Europe and thereafter America and Russia succeeded in innovating the Industrial Revolution in a breathtaking manner, itself a result of scientific research styles that became known as the “scientific method.” Upon examination, the scientific method proves to be correct and effective in empirical sciences only; similarly it is not wrong to call it a method as it is a specific and permanent research technique. However, the error lies in taking it as a basis for thinking in place of the rational method as that leads to negating the existence of numerous facts and knowledge whose existence man proved via the rational method e.g. the existence of Allah and the Prophethood of Muhammad (salla Allahu ‘alaihi wa sallam). Thus the scientific method is a correct method but specific only to tangible materials (madda) susceptible to experimentation in order to know the material’s reality and attributes via experimenation. Nevertheless the rational method with its four (constituent) elements remains the basis for thinking as it is employed not only in researching tangible materials e.g. in physics etc, but also in researching thoughts like the intellectual doctrine (‘aqeedah), legislation and history as well as in researching language e.g. literature etc. If a rational conclusion happens to contradict with a scientific conclusion with respect to a thing’s existence, the rational conclusion is adopted since its judgement with respect to a thing’s existence is definitive.