Samuel P. Huntington mentions in his book, The Clash of Civilization that the separation between spiritual and temporal authority is amongst the main features of the Western civilization. The separation is considered to be the essence of Western civilization. Huntington states, “This division of authority contributed immeasurably to the development of freedom in the West.” He also states, “Historically American national identity has been defined culturally by the heritage of Western civilization and politically by the principles of the American creed on which Americans overwhelmingly agree: liberty, democracy, individualism, equality before the law, constitutionalism, private property.” Huntington wrote, “Europe, as Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., has said, is “the source—the unique source” of the “ideas of individual liberty, political democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and cultural freedom.... These are European ideas, not Asian, nor African, nor Middle Eastern ideas, except by adoption.”” Huntington then continues to say, “They make Western civilization unique, and Western civilization is valuable not because it is universal but because it is unique.” Philippe Nemo says in his book, What is the West? (French: Qu'est-ce que I'Occident?) that “As a matter of fact, Western civilization may define itself, by approximation in any case, in terms of the constitutional state, democracy, intellectual freedom, critical reason, science, and the liberal economy rooted in the principle of private property.”.

In his book, Civilization: The West and the Rest, Niall Ferguson speaks of “the achievements of Western civilization - capitalism, science, the rule of law and democracy.” The historian Sir Ramsay Muir in his essay for Foreign Affairs in 1933, “the freedom of the individual to live his own life in his own way depends upon the existence of a system of law, enforced by the common will, which can restrain the strong from abuse of their strength at the expense of their neighbors.” The repository europaeischewerte.info defined six basic European values in its publication, “Definition of the most basic European Values and their significance for our modern society,” which are humanistic thinking, rationality, secularity, rule of law, democracy and human rights. Milan Zafirovski asserts in his book, The Enlightenment and Its Effects on Modern Society, that the values that distinguish the West, forming the foundation of its civilization, are “liberty, equality, justice, democracy, inclusion, human rights, dignity, well-being and happiness, humane life, civil liberties, scientific rationalism, technological and social progress and optimism, economic prosperity, free markets, secularism, pluralism and diversity, individualism, universalism, humanism, and the like.”.