Allah (swt) restricted the expenditure of Zakat in His saying:
“Verily the Sadaqat are (only) for the poor, needy, those employed upon it, those whose hearts are to be reconciled, slaves, debtors, those in the way of Allah (swt) and the wayfarers” [At-Tauba: 60] This Ayah restricts the expenditures of Zakat to these eight categories, limiting and specifying it for them. It is not allowed to give from it to any category other than these, because the Ayah begins with the term “Innama” which is an articles of limitation and restriction, followed by the letter “lam” of ownership. This indicates the limitation of Sadaqah beneficiaries and ownership to these eight categories which are:
1. The Poor (Al-Fuqaraa): These are those who don’t receive enough money to suffice them to fulfil their basic needs that are food, clothing and shelter. Whoever receives less than what he needs to fulfil his basic needs is considered poor, so Sadaqah is Halal for him. He may take from it and he can be given enough Sadaqah to the limit that removes his need and poverty.
Allah (swt) has prohibited the rich from taking Sadaqah. Abdullah b. Amru said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “Sadaqah is not Halal for the rich (person) nor the one of sound and strong body (Zu Mirra).” The Zu Mirra is the person of strength and acquiring ability. If he doesn’t have the strength and ability, then he is considered poor. The rich person is the one who is independent of others such that he receives more than is required to fulfil his needs. There have come Ahadith clarifying who the rich person is. Abdulllah b. Masud said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “No person will ask for something while he is rich except he will come on the Day of Judgement with his face bitten, scratched or wounded.” It was said: “O Messenger of Allah (saw), what is his richness?” He said: “50 Dirhams or its equivalent in gold” (narrated by the five). Whoever owns 50 silver Dirhams equal to 148.75 grams of silver, or its equivalent in gold, in excess of his food, clothing, shelter and the expenses of his family, children and servant is considered rich and it is not allowed for him to take from the Sadaqah.
2. The Paupers (Al-Masakeen): They are the ones who don’t have anything so the want abated them and they do not beg people. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “The pauper is not the one who goes about the people, content with a morsel or two or a date or two. The pauper is the one who doesn’t find any wealth to suffice him nor do people notice him so that they give him charity. Nor does he stand to beg people” (agreed upon). The pauper is lesser than the poor person due to the saying of Allah (swt) :
“Or a pauper with dust” [Al-Balad: 16] i.e. covered with dust due to his nakedness and hunger. The Sadaqah is allowed for the pauper and he can take from it. He can be given from Sadaqah to the limit that his misery is removed and he is enabled to satisfy his basic needs.
3. Those employed over collecting it (Al-’Amileen ‘alayha): These are the Messenger (saw)s and Sadaqah collectors appointed to collect Sadaqah from those whom it is obliged upon them, or they distribute it to its beneficiaries. They are given of the Sadaqat, even if they are wealthy, in exchange for collecting or distributing it. Ata’a b.Yasar said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “Sadaqah is not allowed for the rich except for five: The one employed to collect it, a man who buys it with his wealth, a man who was given a Sadaqah and he donated it to his neighbour, the fighter or the debtor.” And from Busr b. Said that ibn Asa’di al-Maliki said: “‘Umar appointed me over the Sadaqa. When I finished and gave it to him, he ordered some wage for me’. I said: ‘I did it for the sake of Allah (swt).’ He said: ‘Take what I give you for I was employed at the time of the Messenger of Allah (saw) . He employed me and I told him what you told me. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: ‘If you are given something without begging, eat (of it) and give charity’” (agreed upon).
4. Those whose hearts are to be reconciled (Al-muallafatu qulubuhum): These are types of leaders, chiefs, influential people or heroes whose beliefs are not yet settled, where the Khalifah or his governors see it fit to give them from the Zakat as reconciliation for their hearts, settling their beliefs, utilising them for the benefit of Islam and Muslims or to influence their communities. This is similar to what the Messenger (saw) gave to Abu Sufyan, Uyayna b. Hisn, Al-Aqr’a b. Habis, Abbas b. Mirdas and others. Amru b. Taghlib said “that some money or captives reached the Messenger of Allah (saw) and he distributed them. He gave to some men and left some others. He got the knowledge that those who were not given were full of blame. So he praised Allah (swt) and extolled Him, then he said: ‘See! By Allah (swt) I give to a man and leave another. The one I leave is more beloved (to me) than the one I give. Rather, I give people whom I see in their hearts some fear and impatience, and I entrust some people with what Allah (swt) placed in their hearts of affluence and good.’”
Those to be reconciled are not given Zakat except if they are Muslims. If they are Kuffar, they are not given any Sadaqat as it is not given to the Kafir. This is due to the saying of the Messenger of Allah (saw) to Mu’az when he sent him to Yemen: “Inform them that Allah (swt) obliged Sadaqah upon their wealth to be taken from their rich and given to their poor.”
Similarly they are not given from Zakat except if the reason (‘illa) for which they are given is present. If the reason is not present, they are not given Sadaqah as Abu Bakr and ‘Umar stopped paying it after Islam was strengthened and widespread.
5. Slaves “Ar-riqab”: They are the slaves who are given of Zakat if they are contracted to free themselves, or they are purchased by Zakat funds and set free if they are not contracted. There are no slaves today.
6. Debtors “Al-Gharimeen”: These are those who are indebted and bear debts upon themselves so they are paid to resolve disputes between people, pay blood-monies or to discharge their personal interests.
As for those who bear debts to resolve disputes or to pay blood-monies, they are paid from the Zakat, whether they are poor or rich, the exact amount that they bear of debt without any excess. Anas narrated that the Prophet (saw) said: “Begging is not allowed except for three (persons): The person of abject poverty, odious debt or painful blood.” Qabeesa bin Mukhariq al-Hilali said: “I bore a burden so I went to the Messenger of Allah (saw) to beg for it. He said: ‘Wait with us until a Sadaqah comes to us so that I give you of it.’ Then he said: ‘O Qabeesa, begging is not allowed except for one out of three: A man bearing a burden so he is allowed to ask for a Sadaqah till he gets it then he holds from taking more; a man whose wealth suffered a calamity so he is allowed to beg until he attains what is enough of livelihood or he said what meets his livelihood; and a man who was struck by a poverty of which three wise men of his fold say that so and so person has been struck by a poverty so he is allowed to beg until he attains what is enough of livelihood, or he said what meets livelihood. Whoever begs other than these, O Qabeesa, he would eat illicit money (Suht).’”
As for those who bear debt to meet their personal interests, they are given of Zakat to repay their debts if they are poor, or not poor but unable to fulfil their debts. If they are rich and able to pay their debts, they are not given anything as it is not allowed for them.
7. In the way of Allah (swt) (Fi Sabeelillah): i.e. Jihad, whatever is necessary for it and what it depends upon, such as forming an army, establishing factories and manufacturing weapons.Whenever “Fi Sabeelillah” is mentioned in the Qur’an, it means nothing other than Jihad. Zakat is spent for Jihad and its essentials, and it is not limited to any amount. So it is allowed to spend all of the Zakat, or some of it, for Jihad according to what the Khalifah sees as beneficial for the Zakat beneficiaries. Abu Said narrated: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: “Sadaqah is not allowed for the rich person except in the way of Allah (swt)…” and in another narration: “…or the fighter in the way of Allah (swt).”
8. The wayfarer (Ibn us-Sabeel): This is the one whose travel has been cut off such that he doe not have enough money to allow him to reach his home. He is given from the Zakat the amount that will allow him to reach his destination, whether a little or a lot. Similarly, he is given the necessary expenses to allow him reach his destination, even if he is in fact rich where he lives, due to the Messenger (saw) ’s saying: “Sadaqah is not allowed for the rich person except in the way of Allah (swt) or a wayfarer or….”
Zakat cannot be given to any other than these eight mentioned categories. It is not spent for building mosques, hospitals, charity facilities or any State or Ummah utility, because Zakat is the private property of the eight categories such that no one else shares it with them.
The Khalifah is the one who is responsible to give it to these categories accordng to how he views achieving the benefit of these categories, as the Messenger of Allah (saw) and the Khulafa’a after him would supervise its payment. It is allowed for the Khalifah to distribute it among these eight categories as he may restrict its spending to some of these categories as he sees beneficial to these categories. If these categories are not found, the Zakat is preserved in Bait ul-Mal in the department of Sadaqat to spend it when there is a need for it by those who are entitled of it. Ibn Abbas said about Sadaqah: “If you spend it for one of these eight categories, it would be valid.” Ata’a and Al-Hassan said the same. Malik said: The matter of dividing Sadaqah in our view is that it is a matter of Ijtihad left to the governor so any category that has need and the number (of people) it is preferred (over others), according to how the governor views fit.”